{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T22:13:57Z","timestamp":1785276837864,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-026-13810-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T02:12:25Z","timestamp":1776478345000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Enhanced antibody detection via live cell-based assay among RIA negative myasthenia gravis patients: toward improved diagnosis and clinical correlates"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"273","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Rinaldi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Puleo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Di Maro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Fusco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amalia","family":"Canciello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Giacopuzzi Grigoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Frangiamore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Cheli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiammetta","family":"Vanoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Bonanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Mantegazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Antozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fulvio","family":"Baggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Andreetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0932-5173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Maggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"13810_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2024.110826","volume":"133-134","author":"A Mousavi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mousavi A, Kumar P, Frykman H (2024) The changing landscape of autoantibody testing in Myasthenia Gravis in the setting of novel drug treatments. Clin Biochem 133\u2013134:110826. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2024.110826","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"issue":"3","key":"13810_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200220","volume":"11","author":"O Chuquisana","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chuquisana O, Stascheit F, Keller CW, Pu\u010di\u0107-Bakovi\u0107 M, Patenaude AM, Lauc G, Tzartos S, Wiendl H, Willcox N, Meisel A, L\u00fcnemann JD (2024) Functional signature of LRP4 antibodies in Myasthenia Gravis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 11(3):e200220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200220","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"13810_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2024.104468","volume":"44","author":"A Evoli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Evoli A, Palace J, Spagni G, Cheli M, Ruiter A, Verschuuren J, Maggi L, 275th ENMC study group (2024) Seronegative myasthenia gravis: an update paradigm for diagnosis and management, 9-11 February 2024, Hoofddorp, the Netherlands. Neuromuscul Disord 44:104468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nmd.2024.104468","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"13810_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.26.11.1054","volume":"26","author":"JM Lindstrom","year":"1976","unstructured":"Lindstrom JM, Seybold ME, Lennon VA, Whittingham S, Duane DD (1976) Antibody to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis. Prevalence, clinical correlates, and diagnostic value. Neurology 26(11):1054\u20131059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.26.11.1054","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"13810_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.70123","volume":"32","author":"CMF Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li CMF, Nicolle MW, Sangam K, Yang L, Budhram A (2025) Testing for acetylcholine receptor and muscle-specific tyrosine kinase antibodies by fixed cell-based assay in clinical practice: Positive predictive value for Myasthenia Gravis. Eur J Neurol 32(3):e70123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.70123","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"38","key":"13810_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2023.100846","volume":"19","author":"Z Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Z, Zhang C, Chang T, Zhang X, Yang H, Gao F, Feng J, Liu H, Chen S, Wang L, Yang C, Li H, Pan Y, Palace J, Shi FD (2023) A multicentre, prospective, double-blind study comparing the accuracy of autoantibody diagnostic assays in Myasthenia Gravis: The SCREAM study. Lancet Reg Health West Pac 19(38):100846. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2023.100846","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"issue":"3","key":"13810_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3233\/JND-230210","volume":"11","author":"L Diogenes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Diogenes L, Dellavance A, Baldo DC, Gozzi-Silva SC, Gomes K, Prado MS, Andrade LEC, Keppeke GD (2024) Detection of autoantibodies against the acetylcholine receptor, evaluation of commercially available methodologies: Fixed cell-based assay, radioimmunoprecipitation assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Neuromuscul Dis 11(3):613\u2013623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JND-230210","journal-title":"J Neuromuscul Dis"},{"key":"13810_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2024.113627","volume":"526","author":"K Luong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luong K, Lozier BK, Novis CL, Smith TL, Zuromski LM, Peterson LK (2024) Comparison of three methods for the detection of antibodies against muscle-specific kinase. J Immunol Methods 526:113627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jim.2024.113627","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"13810_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.55.1.16","volume":"55","author":"A Jaretzki 3rd","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jaretzki A 3rd, Barohn RJ, Ernstoff RM, Kaminski HJ, Keesey JC, Penn AS, Sanders DB (2000) Myasthenia gravis: recommendations for clinical research standards. Task Force of the Medical Scientific Advisory Board of the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America. Neurology 55(1):16\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.55.1.16. (PMID: 10891897.)","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"Pt 7","key":"13810_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn092","volume":"131","author":"MI Leite","year":"2008","unstructured":"Leite MI, Jacob S, Viegas S, Cossins J, Clover L, Morgan BP, Beeson D, Willcox N, Vincent A (2008) IgG1 antibodies to acetylcholine receptors in \u2018seronegative\u2019 myasthenia gravis. Brain 131(Pt 7):1940\u20131952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awn092. (Epub 2008 May 31.)","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"6","key":"13810_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.70072","volume":"102","author":"L Cuomo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cuomo L, De Giglio L, Isgr\u00f2 MA, Totaro M, Pratali M, Fragomeli C, Cosmi L, Annunziato F, Palterer B, Altavista MC, Antonini G, Brienza M, Cambieri C, Cortese F, Fionda L, Gragnani F, Inghilleri M, Morino S, Petrucci A, Piantadosi C, Anastasiadou E, Vitillo M, Trivedi P, Pennisi EM (2025) Diagnostic performance of three serological assays in Myasthenia Gravis: A prospective multicentre study. Scand J Immunol 102(6):e70072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sji.70072","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"13810_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/cen3.12833","volume":"16","author":"F Tsuno","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tsuno F, Fujii S, Kawaguchi N, Kuwabara E, Yamada S, Saschenbrecker S, Imafuku A (2025) Comparison of the sensitivity of anti-acetylcholine receptor enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay in different treatment periods. Clin Exp Neuroimmunol 16(4):361\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cen3.12833","journal-title":"Clin Exp Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"13810_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000357","volume":"4","author":"S Huda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huda S, Waters P, Woodhall M, Leite MI, Jacobson L, De Rosa A, Maestri M, Ricciardi R, Heckmann JM, Maniaol A, Evoli A, Cossins J, Hilton-Jones D, Vincent A (2017) IgG-specific cell-based assay detects potentially pathogenic MuSK-Abs in seronegative MG. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 4(4):e357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000357","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"1","key":"13810_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200038","volume":"10","author":"G Spagni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Spagni G, Gastaldi M, Businaro P, Chemkhi Z, Carrozza C, Mascagna G, Falso S, Scaranzin S, Franciotta D, Evoli A, Damato V (2022) Comparison of fixed and live cell-based assay for the detection of AChR and MuSK antibodies in myasthenia gravis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 10(1):e200038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200038","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"2","key":"13810_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2023.01.002","volume":"33","author":"S Hoffmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hoffmann S, Waters P, Jacobson L, Schuelke M, Stenzel W, Ruck T, Lehnerer S, Stascheit F, Preu\u00dfe C, Meisel A (2023) Autoantibody detection by a live cell-based assay in conventionally antibody-tested triple seronegative myasthenia gravis. Neuromuscul Disord 33(2):139\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nmd.2023.01.002","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"13810_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2022.577850","volume":"367","author":"G Masi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Masi G, Li Y, Karatz T, Pham MC, Oxendine SR, Nowak RJ, Guptill JT, O\u2019Connor KC (2022) The clinical need for clustered AChR cell-based assay testing of seronegative MG. J Neuroimmunol 367:577850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2022.577850","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"13810_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-329284","volume":"93","author":"V Damato","year":"2022","unstructured":"Damato V, Spagni G, Monte G, Woodhall M, Jacobson L, Falso S, Smith T, Iorio R, Waters P, Irani SR, Vincent A, Evoli A (2022) Clinical value of cell-based assays in the characterisation of seronegative myasthenia gravis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 93(9):995\u20131000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2022-329284","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"13810_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.666046","volume":"12","author":"Y Cai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cai Y, Han L, Zhu D, Peng J, Li J, Ding J, Luo J, Hong R, Wang K, Wan W, Xie C, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Hao Y, Guan Y (2021) A stable cell line expressing clustered AChR: a novel cell-based assay for anti-AChR antibody detection in myasthenia gravis. Front Immunol 12:666046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.666046","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"13810_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2021.17.3.400","volume":"17","author":"MJ Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim MJ, Kim SW, Kim M, Choi YC, Kim SM, Shin HY (2021) Evaluating an in-house cell-based assay for detecting antibodies against muscle-specific tyrosine kinase in myasthenia gravis. J Clin Neurol 17(3):400\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3988\/jcn.2021.17.3.400","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"13810_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13300","volume":"24","author":"Y Hong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hong Y, Zisimopoulou P, Trakas N, Karagiorgou K, Stergiou C, Skeie GO, Hao HJ, Gao X, Owe JF, Zhang X, Yue YX, Romi F, Wang Q, Li HF, Gilhus NE, Tzartos SJ (2017) Multiple antibody detection in \u201cseronegative\u201d myasthenia gravis patients. Eur J Neurol 24(6):844\u2013850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.13300","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"13810_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.04.015","volume":"284","author":"AI Tsonis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tsonis AI, Zisimopoulou P, Lazaridis K, Tzartos J, Matsigkou E, Zouvelou V, Mantegazza R, Antozzi C, Andreetta F, Evoli A, Deymeer F, Saruhan-Direskeneli G, Durmus H, Brenner T, Vaknin A, Berrih-Aknin S, Behin A, Sharshar T, De Baets M, Losen M, Martinez-Martinez P, Kleopa KA, Zamba-Papanicolaou E, Kyriakides T, Kostera-Pruszczyk A, Szczudlik P, Szyluk B, Lavrnic D, Basta I, Peric S, Tallaksen C, Maniaol A, Casasnovas Pons C, Pitha J, Jakub\u00edkova M, Hanisch F, Tzartos SJ (2015) MuSK autoantibodies in myasthenia gravis detected by cell based assay-a multinational study. J Neuroimmunol 284:10\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.04.015","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"13810_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1459423","volume":"16","author":"JS Tzartos","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tzartos JS, Vakrakou AG, Karagiorgou K, Zouvelou V, Chroni E, Damato V, Beretta F, Salakou S, Sfyroera E, Veltsista D, Voumvourakis K, Giannopoulos S, Tsivgoulis G, Tzartos S (2025) Efficiency of cell-based assays in detecting AChR antibodies in myasthenia gravis sera with low antibody concentrations as determined by radioimmunoprecipitation assay. Front Immunol 16:1459423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1459423","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"13810_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.0203","volume":"72","author":"PM Rodr\u00edguez Cruz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez Cruz PM, Al-Hajjar M, Huda S, Jacobson L, Woodhall M, Jayawant S, Buckley C, Hilton-Jones D, Beeson D, Vincent A, Leite MI, Palace J (2015) Clinical features and diagnostic usefulness of antibodies to clustered acetylcholine receptors in the diagnosis of seronegative myasthenia gravis. JAMA Neurol 72(6):642\u2013649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.0203","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"13810_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1555075","volume":"16","author":"S Lehnerer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lehnerer S, Stegherr R, Grittner U, Stein M, Gerischer L, Stascheit F, Herdick M, Doksani P, Meisel A, Hoffmann S (2025) The burden of disease in seronegative myasthenia gravis: a patient-centered perspective. Front Immunol 16:1555075. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1555075","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"13810_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2025.578718","volume":"407","author":"S El-Wahsh","year":"2025","unstructured":"El-Wahsh S, Ramanathan S, Reddel S (2025) Clinical utility of autoantibodies in the diagnosis and management of Myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 407:578718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2025.578718","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13810-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13810-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13810-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T10:44:25Z","timestamp":1779446665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13810-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["13810"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13810-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 April 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"ML received honoraria for speaking, advisory boards and compensation for congress participations from Sanofi, Roche, Biogen, Amicus Therapeutics, Alexion Astrazeneca, Johnson & Johnson, Lupin, Argenx, and UCB, outside the submitted work. LM also received funding for a fellowship from Biogen and Alexion Astrazeneca. CM received honoraria for speaking from Alexion Astrazeneca, Argenx, and UCB, outside the submitted work. GGE received honoraria for participation in advisory boards for Amicus Therapeutics. MR received support for attending meetings or participation in data safety monitoring board\/advisory board fees from Alexion, Argenx, Johnson & Johnson, and UCB Pharma. VF received funding for travel, speaking and advisory board from Alexion, UCB Pharma, Argenx. FR received funding for travel, consulting, meeting attendance and advisory board participation by Alexion, UCB, Argenx, Biogen, Sanofi Genzyme. CA received funding for meeting attendance, travel and advisory board participation from Alexion, UCB, Argenx, Johnson&Johnoson. BS received honoraria for speaking, advisory boards and compensation for congress participations from Sanofi, Roche, Biogen, Alexion Astrazeneca, outside the submitted work. RE, PE, FR, BF, AF, DMA, CA, have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. The authors are also part of the European Reference Network Euro-NMD.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"This retrospective study was submitted for approval to the Comitato Etico Territoriale (CET) Lombardia 4 (approval n. CET 87\/24), and conducted in accordance with the principles laid down by the 18th World Medical Assembly (Declaration of Helsinki, 1964) and subsequent amendments. Due to the retrospective nature of the study, data were collected anonymously and analyzed as aggregated data. All patients signed informed consent for using their biological samples for research.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"277"}}