{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T04:29:40Z","timestamp":1782102580157,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-026-13815-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T14:55:30Z","timestamp":1776351330000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Iron accumulation in multiple sclerosis and implications for cognitive and clinical progression: a systematic review of advanced neuroimaging studies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"273","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2507-6606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Susinna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8609-7324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Restuccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4999-1683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Triolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5971-1400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Marafioti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4215-8426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Cammaroto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Sessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giangaetano","family":"D\u2019Aleo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1485-6590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Quartarone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8027-6098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viviana","family":"Lo Buono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"13815_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70259-X","volume":"7","author":"ND Chiaravalloti","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chiaravalloti ND, DeLuca J (2008) Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 7:1139\u20131151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70259-X","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"13815_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240697","volume":"15","author":"H Spence","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spence H, McNeil CJ, Waiter GD (2020) The impact of brain iron accumulation on cognition: a systematic review. PLoS ONE 15:e0240697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0240697","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"13815_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1661821","volume":"17","author":"A Mirabile","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mirabile A, Susinna C, Cipriano GL, D\u2019Aleo G, Rifici C, Sessa E et al (2025) Correlation of cognitive dysfunctions and diffusion tensor MRI measures in subjects with RRMS. Front Aging Neurosci 17:1661821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1661821","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"13815_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1583","volume":"15","author":"GM Mey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mey GM, Mahajan KR, DeSilva TM (2023) Neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. WIREs Mech Dis 15:e1583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wsbm.1583","journal-title":"WIREs Mech Dis"},{"key":"13815_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.23.21253388","author":"E Colato","year":"2021","unstructured":"Colato E, Stutters J, Tur C, Sridar N, Arnold D, Kingshott CW et al (2021) Predicting disability progression and cognitive worsening in multiple sclerosis using gray matter network measures. Neurology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.03.23.21253388","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"13815_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000210080","volume":"103","author":"CdeM Rimkus","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rimkus CdeM, Nucci MP, Avolio IB, Ap\u00f3stolos-Pereira SL, Callegaro D, Wagner MB et al (2024) Atrophy patterns in patients with multiple sclerosis with cognitive impairment, fatigue, and mood disorders. Neurology 103:e210080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000210080. (Wolters Kluwer)","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"13815_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1401483","volume":"378","author":"DS Reich","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reich DS, Lucchinetti CF, Calabresi PA (2018) Multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 378:169\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1401483","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"13815_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24497","volume":"78","author":"JM Frischer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frischer JM, Weigand SD, Guo Y, Kale N, Parisi JE, Pirko I et al (2015) Clinical and pathological insights into the dynamic nature of the white matter multiple sclerosis plaque. Ann Neurol 78:710\u2013721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.24497","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"13815_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23974","volume":"74","author":"S Hametner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hametner S, Wimmer I, Haider L, Pfeifenbring S, Br\u00fcck W, Lassmann H (2013) Iron and neurodegeneration in the multiple sclerosis brain. Ann Neurol 74:848\u2013861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.23974","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"13815_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25877","volume":"88","author":"P Maggi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maggi P, Sati P, Nair G, Cortese ICM, Jacobson S, Smith BR et al (2020) Paramagnetic rim lesions are specific to multiple sclerosis: an international multicenter 3T MRI study. Ann Neurol 88:1034\u20131042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.25877","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"13815_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI86198","volume":"126","author":"M Absinta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Absinta M, Sati P, Schindler M, Leibovitch EC, Ohayon J, Wu T et al (2016) Persistent 7-tesla phase rim predicts poor outcome in new multiple sclerosis patient lesions. J Clin Invest 126:2597\u20132609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI86198","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"13815_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.2399","volume":"76","author":"M Absinta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Absinta M, Sati P, Masuzzo F, Nair G, Sethi V, Kolb H et al (2019) Association of chronic active multiple sclerosis lesions with disability in vivo. JAMA Neurol 76:1474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.2399","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"13815_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2055217320915480","volume":"6","author":"N Blindenbacher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Blindenbacher N, Brunner E, Asseyer S, Scheel M, Siebert N, Rasche L et al (2020) Evaluation of the \u2018ring sign\u2019 and the \u2018core sign\u2019 as a magnetic resonance imaging marker of disease activity and progression in clinically isolated syndrome and early multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 6:2055217320915480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2055217320915480","journal-title":"Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin"},{"key":"13815_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202918","volume":"13","author":"S Chawla","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chawla S, Kister I, Sinnecker T, Wuerfel J, Brisset J-C, Paul F et al (2018) Longitudinal study of multiple sclerosis lesions using ultra-high field (7T) multiparametric MR imaging. PLoS ONE 13:e0202918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0202918","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"13815_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1636-z","volume":"133","author":"A Dal-Bianco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dal-Bianco A, Grabner G, Kronnerwetter C, Weber M, H\u00f6ftberger R, Berger T et al (2017) Slow expansion of multiple sclerosis iron rim lesions: pathology and 7 T magnetic resonance imaging. Acta Neuropathol 133:25\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-016-1636-z","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"13815_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21582","volume":"64","author":"KE Hammond","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hammond KE, Metcalf M, Carvajal L, Okuda DT, Srinivasan R, Vigneron D et al (2008) Quantitative in vivo magnetic resonance imaging of multiple sclerosis at 7 Tesla with sensitivity to iron. Ann Neurol 64:707\u2013713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.21582","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"13815_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.148","author":"D Pitt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pitt D, Boster A, Pei W, Wohleb E, Jasne A, Zachariah CR et al (2010) Imaging cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis with ultra-high-field magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneurol.2010.148","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"13815_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa436","volume":"144","author":"A Dal-Bianco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dal-Bianco A, Grabner G, Kronnerwetter C, Weber M, Kornek B, Kasprian G et al (2021) Long-term evolution of Multiple Sclerosis iron rim lesions in 7 T MRI. Brain 144:833\u2013847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awaa436","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"13815_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.10.063","volume":"167","author":"F Schweser","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schweser F, Raffaini Duarte Martins AL, Hagemeier J, Lin F, Hanspach J, Weinstock-Guttman B et al (2018) Mapping of thalamic magnetic susceptibility in multiple sclerosis indicates decreasing iron with disease duration: a proposed mechanistic relationship between inflammation and oligodendrocyte vitality. Neuroimage 167:438\u2013452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.10.063","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"13815_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137267","volume":"23","author":"RJ Ward","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ward RJ, Dexter DT, Crichton RR (2022) Iron, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 23:7267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23137267","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"13815_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2023.120816","volume":"453","author":"AD De Lury","year":"2023","unstructured":"De Lury AD, Bisulca JA, Lee JS, Altaf MD, Coyle PK, Duong TQ (2023) Magnetic resonance imaging detection of deep gray matter iron deposition in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. J Neurol Sci 453:120816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2023.120816","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"13815_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5109","volume":"38","author":"E Fujiwara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fujiwara E, Kmech JA, Cobzas D, Sun H, Seres P, Blevins G et al (2017) Cognitive implications of deep gray matter iron in multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 38:942\u2013948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A5109","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"13815_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.04.008","volume":"18","author":"J Hagemeier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hagemeier J, Zivadinov R, Dwyer MG, Polak P, Bergsland N, Weinstock-Guttman B et al (2018) Changes of deep gray matter magnetic susceptibility over 2 years in multiple sclerosis and healthy control brain. Neuroimage Clin 18:1007\u20131016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.04.008","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"13815_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3998","volume":"36","author":"CM Modica","year":"2015","unstructured":"Modica CM, Zivadinov R, Dwyer MG, Bergsland N, Weeks AR, Benedict RHB (2015) Iron and volume in the deep gray matter: association with cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 36:57\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A3998","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"13815_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2018180136","volume":"289","author":"R Zivadinov","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zivadinov R, Tavazzi E, Bergsland N, Hagemeier J, Lin F, Dwyer MG et al (2018) Brain iron at quantitative MRI is associated with disability in multiple sclerosis. Radiology 289:487\u2013496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2018180136","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"13815_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD et al (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372:n71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"13815_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108602","volume":"186","author":"JPT Higgins","year":"2024","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Morgan RL, Rooney AA, Taylor KW, Thayer KA, Silva RA et al (2024) A tool to assess risk of bias in non-randomized follow-up studies of exposure effects (ROBINS-E). Environ Int 186:108602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108602","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"13815_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1411","volume":"12","author":"LA McGuinness","year":"2021","unstructured":"McGuinness LA, Higgins JPT (2021) Risk-of-bias VISualization (robvis): An R package and Shiny web app for visualizing risk-of-bias assessments. Res Synth Methods 12:55\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jrsm.1411","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"13815_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200299","volume":"11","author":"A Cagol","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cagol A, Ocampo-Pineda M, Lu P-J, Weigel M, Barakovic M, Melie-Garcia L et al (2024) Advanced quantitative MRI unveils microstructural thalamic changes reflecting disease progression in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 11:e200299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200299","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"13815_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318236ef0e","volume":"77","author":"M Khalil","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khalil M, Langkammer C, Ropele S, Petrovic K, Wallner-Blazek M, Loitfelder M et al (2011) Determinants of brain iron in multiple sclerosis: a quantitative 3T MRI study. Neurology 77:1691\u20131697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318236ef0e","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"13815_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101879","volume":"23","author":"E Lommers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lommers E, Simon J, Reuter G, Delrue G, Dive D, Degueldre C et al (2019) Multiparameter MRI quantification of microstructural tissue alterations in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage Clin 23:101879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101879","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"13815_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08477-6","volume":"12","author":"M Marcille","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marcille M, Hurtado R\u00faa S, Tyshkov C, Jaywant A, Comunale J, Kaunzner UW et al (2022) Disease correlates of rim lesions on quantitative susceptibility mapping in multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep 12:4411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-08477-6","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"13815_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.02.023","volume":"7","author":"D Pinter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pinter D, Khalil M, Pichler A, Langkammer C, Ropele S, Marschik PB et al (2015) Predictive value of different conventional and non-conventional MRI-parameters for specific domains of cognitive function in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage Clin 7:715\u2013720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.02.023","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"13815_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-09154-y","volume":"33","author":"G Pontillo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pontillo G, Petracca M, Monti S, Quarantelli M, Lanzillo R, Costabile T et al (2022) Clinical correlates of R1 relaxometry and magnetic susceptibility changes in multiple sclerosis: a multi-parameter quantitative MRI study of brain iron and myelin. Eur Radiol 33:2185\u20132194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-022-09154-y","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"13815_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4599","volume":"37","author":"P Schmalbrock","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schmalbrock P, Prakash RS, Schirda B, Janssen A, Yang GK, Russell M et al (2016) Basal ganglia iron in patients with multiple sclerosis measured with 7T quantitative susceptibility mapping correlates with inhibitory control. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 37:439\u2013446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A4599","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"13815_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70988","volume":"15","author":"CC Voon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Voon CC, Meineke J, Wiltgen T, McGinnis J, Berg R, Preibisch C et al (2025) Quantitative susceptibility mapping of deep grey matter in MS: association with clinical scores and brain volume measures. Brain Behav 15:e70988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.70988","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"13815_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2024.100216","volume":"4","author":"T Williams","year":"2024","unstructured":"Williams T, John N, Calvi A, Bianchi A, De Angelis F, Doshi A et al (2024) Investigating the relationship between thalamic iron concentration and disease severity in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis using quantitative susceptibility mapping: cross-sectional analysis from the MS-STAT2 randomised controlled trial. Neuroimage Rep 4:100216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ynirp.2024.100216","journal-title":"Neuroimage Rep"},{"key":"13815_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.06.005","volume":"103","author":"MM Halassa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Halassa MM, Sherman SM (2019) Thalamocortical circuit motifs: a general framework. Neuron 103:762\u2013770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.06.005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"13815_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0200-17.2017","volume":"4","author":"T Hanakawa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hanakawa T, Goldfine AM, Hallett M (2017) A common function of basal ganglia-cortical circuits subserving speed in both motor and cognitive domains. eNeuro 4:ENEURO.0200-17.2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/ENEURO.0200-17.2017","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"13815_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a009621","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009621","volume":"2","author":"JL Lanciego","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lanciego JL, Luquin N, Obeso JA (2012) Functional neuroanatomy of the basal ganglia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2:a009621\u2013a009621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a009621","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"13815_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70256-X","volume":"14","author":"DH Mahad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mahad DH, Trapp BD, Lassmann H (2015) Pathological mechanisms in progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 14:183\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70256-X","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"13815_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.118","volume":"10","author":"E Stephenson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stephenson E, Nathoo N, Mahjoub Y, Dunn JF, Yong VW (2014) Iron in multiple sclerosis: roles in neurodegeneration and repair. Nat Rev Neurol 10:459\u2013468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.118","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"13815_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1191\/135248506ms1301oa","volume":"12","author":"SD Brass","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brass SD, Benedict RH, Weinstock-Guttman B, Munschauer F, Bakshi R (2006) Cognitive impairment is associated with subcortical magnetic resonance imaging grey matter T2 hypointensity in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 12:437\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/135248506ms1301oa","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"13815_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab134","volume":"3","author":"CA Treaba","year":"2021","unstructured":"Treaba CA, Conti A, Klawiter EC, Barletta VT, Herranz E, Mehndiratta A et al (2021) Cortical and phase rim lesions on 7 T MRI as markers of multiple sclerosis disease progression. Brain Commun 3:fcab134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab134","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"13815_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26735","volume":"79","author":"PS \u00d6zbay","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u00d6zbay PS, Duerst Y, Wilm BJ, Pruessmann KP, Nanz D (2018) Enhanced quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) using real-time field control. Magn Reson Med 79:770\u2013778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrm.26735","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"13815_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3604","volume":"30","author":"F Schweser","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schweser F, Robinson SD, De Rochefort L, Li W, Bredies K (2017) An illustrated comparison of processing methods for phase MRI and QSM: Removal of background field contributions from sources outside the region of interest. NMR Biomed 30:e3604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nbm.3604","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"13815_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25358","volume":"73","author":"Y Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang Y, Liu T (2015) Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM): decoding mri data for a tissue magnetic biomarker. Magnetic Resonance in Med 73:82\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrm.25358","journal-title":"Magnetic Resonance in Med"},{"key":"13815_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-017-1813-3","volume":"59","author":"O Dietrich","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dietrich O, Levin J, Ahmadi S-A, Plate A, Reiser MF, B\u00f6tzel K et al (2017) MR imaging differentiation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ based on relaxation and magnetic susceptibility properties. Neuroradiology 59:403\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00234-017-1813-3","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"13815_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1958.tb12607.x","volume":"3","author":"B Hallgren","year":"1958","unstructured":"Hallgren B, Sourander P (1958) The effect of age on the non\u2010haemin iron in the human brain. J Neurochem 3:41\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1958.tb12607.x","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"13815_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057573","volume":"8","author":"V Mehta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mehta V, Pei W, Yang G, Li S, Swamy E, Boster A et al (2013) Iron is a sensitive biomarker for inflammation in multiple sclerosis lesions. PLoS ONE 8:e57573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0057573","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"13815_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24644","volume":"41","author":"AI Blazejewska","year":"2015","unstructured":"Blazejewska AI, Al\u2010Radaideh AM, Wharton S, Lim SY, Bowtell RW, Constantinescu CS et al (2015) Increase in the iron content of the substantia nigra and red nucleus in multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome: A 7 Tesla MRI study. Magn Reson Imaging 41:1065\u20131070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.24644","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"13815_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.2741\/E634","volume":"E5","author":"J Hagemeier","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hagemeier J (2013) Gray matter SWI-filtered phase and atrophy are linked to disability in MS. Front Biosci E5:525\u2013532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2741\/E634","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"13815_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3030","volume":"33","author":"J Hagemeier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hagemeier J, Weinstock-Guttman B, Bergsland N, Heininen-Brown M, Carl E, Kennedy C et al (2012) Iron deposition on SWI-filtered phase in the subcortical deep gray matter of patients with clinically isolated syndrome may precede structure-specific atrophy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 33:1596\u20131601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A3030","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13815-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13815-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13815-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T10:44:34Z","timestamp":1779446674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13815-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["13815"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13815-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 April 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 April 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 April 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"275"}}