{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T18:54:46Z","timestamp":1781376886540,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review and network meta-analysis compares the individual and synergistic efficacy of external sensory cueing modalities to establish a treatment hierarchy for optimizing spatiotemporal gait parameters in individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic literature search was conducted across Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating visual, auditory, somatosensory, or combined cueing modalities in individuals with PD were eligible. Trials were required to compare at least two active cueing modalities or an active modality against a control condition and report gait velocity and\/or stride length.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty-three RCTs (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091118 participants) were included. For gait velocity, somatosensory (MD\u2009=\u20090.12\u00a0m\/s; 95% CI 0.04\u20130.19) and visual cues (MD\u2009=\u20090.11\u00a0m\/s; 95% CI 0.02\u20130.20) demonstrated significant improvements over control. For stride length, visual (MD\u2009=\u200911.46\u00a0cm; 95% CI 6.40\u201316.51), somatosensory (MD\u2009=\u200910.74\u00a0cm; 95% CI 7.04\u201314.44), and auditory cues (MD\u2009=\u20095.25\u00a0cm; 95% CI 0.43\u201310.06) all yielded statistically significant benefits.\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      -score rankings identified somatosensory cues as the top-ranked modality for gait velocity (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      -score\u2009=\u20090.71) and visual cues for stride length (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      -score\u2009=\u20090.83). Global heterogeneity was substantial (\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200964\u201390%), and no significant publication bias was detected.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>External sensory cueing improves spatiotemporal gait parameters in PD, with somatosensory and visual cues emerging as the most effective modalities for enhancing gait velocity and stride length. Both modalities outperformed standalone auditory stimulation, providing a data-driven hierarchy to guide evidence-based cueing selection in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-026-13857-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T16:00:47Z","timestamp":1779465647000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["External sensory cueing on gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"273","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1716-8945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chernkhuan","family":"Stonsaovapak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9095-1613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nantawan","family":"Koonalinthip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9741-2578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prut","family":"Koonalintip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1738-0105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chatkaew","family":"Pongmala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4745-0247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pim","family":"Terachinda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"13857_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e080952","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-080952","volume":"388","author":"D Su","year":"2025","unstructured":"Su D, Cui Y, He C, Yin P, Bai R, Zhu J, Lam JST, Zhang J, Yan R, Zheng X, Wu J, Zhao D, Wang A, Zhou M, Feng T (2025) Projections for prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease and its driving factors in 195 countries and territories to 2050: modelling study of Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. BMJ 388:e080952","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"13857_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S304567","volume":"17","author":"MD Smith","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smith MD, Brazier DE, Henderson EJ (2021) Current perspectives on the assessment and management of gait disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 17:2965\u20132985","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"13857_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2021.100089","volume":"4","author":"MR Landers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Landers MR, Jacobson KM, Matsunami NE, McCarl HE, Regis MT, Longhurst JK (2021) A vicious cycle of fear of falling avoidance behavior in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a path analysis. Clin Parkinsonism Relat Disord 4:100089","journal-title":"Clin Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"13857_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105189","volume":"150","author":"C Cosentino","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cosentino C, Putzolu M, Mezzarobba S, Cecchella M, Innocenti T, Bonassi G, Botta A, Lagravinese G, Avanzino L, Pelosin E (2023) One cue does not fit all: a systematic review with meta-analysis of the effectiveness of cueing on freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 150:105189","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"13857_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.10.026","volume":"94","author":"SJ Spaulding","year":"2013","unstructured":"Spaulding SJ, Barber B, Colby M, Cormack B, Mick T, Jenkins ME (2013) Cueing and gait improvement among people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 94:562\u2013570","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"13857_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2022.10.023","volume":"507","author":"C Silva-Batista","year":"2022","unstructured":"Silva-Batista C, Miranda-Dom\u00ednguez \u00d3, Ragothaman A, Fair DA, Mantovani A, Stuart S, Nutt JG, Horak FB, Mancini M (2022) Does cueing need attention? A pilot study in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuroscience 507:36\u201351","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"13857_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2017.08.002","volume":"61","author":"P Ginis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ginis P, Nackaerts E, Nieuwboer A, Heremans E (2018) Cueing for people with Parkinson\u2019s disease with freezing of gait: a narrative review of the state-of-the-art and novel perspectives. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 61:407\u2013413","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"13857_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19245468","author":"N Muthukrishnan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Muthukrishnan N, Abbas JJ, Shill HA, Krishnamurthi N (2019) Cueing paradigms to improve gait and posture in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a narrative review. Sensors (Basel). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19245468","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"13857_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4332","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16437","volume":"60","author":"AK Zadeh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zadeh AK, Sadeghbeigi N, Safakheil H, Setarehdan SK, Alibiglou L (2024) Connecting the dots: sensory cueing enhances functional connectivity between pre-motor and supplementary motor areas in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Eur J Neurosci 60:4332\u20134345","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"13857_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.33588\/rn.7005.2019417","volume":"70","author":"KJ Miller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miller KJ, Su\u00e1rez-Iglesias D, Seijo-Mart\u00ednez M, Ay\u00e1n C (2020) Physiotherapy for freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Neurol 70:161\u2013170","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"13857_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2385","volume":"162","author":"D Moher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moher D, Altman D, Boutron I, Dickersin K, G\u00f8tzsche P, Catal\u00e1-L\u00f3pez F, Mulrow C, Jansen J, Thorlund K, Straus S, Ioannidis J, Cameron C, Schmid C, Chaimani A, Caldwell D, Salanti G, Hutton B (2015) The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of healthcare interventions: checklist and explanations. Ann Intern Med 162(11):777\u2013784","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"13857_CR12","unstructured":"(2025)\u00a0Covidence systematic review software. In: Veritas Health Innovation,\u00a0Melbourne, Australia.\u00a0https:\/\/www.covidence.org"},{"key":"13857_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604.ch6","volume-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Li T, Deeks JJ (2019) Choosing effect measures and computing estimates of effect. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (eds) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions.\u00a0Wiley-Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons Ltd), pp 143\u2013176"},{"key":"13857_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280219889080","volume":"29","author":"S McGrath","year":"2020","unstructured":"McGrath S, Zhao X, Steele R, Thombs BD, Benedetti A (2020) Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from commonly reported quantiles in meta-analysis. Stat Methods Med Res 29:2520\u20132537","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"key":"13857_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","volume":"366","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, Cates CJ, Cheng HY, Corbett MS, Eldridge SM, Emberson JR, Hern\u00e1n MA, Hopewell S, Hr\u00f3bjartsson A, Junqueira DR, J\u00fcni P, Kirkham JJ, Lasserson T, Li T, McAleenan A, Reeves BC, Shepperd S, Shrier I, Stewart LA, Tilling K, White IR, Whiting PF, Higgins JPT (2019) RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 366:l4898","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"13857_CR16","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Li T, Sterne JAC; RoB 2 Working Group on Crossover Trials. Revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2): Additional considerations for crossover trials [Internet]. Cochrane Methods; 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.riskofbias.info\/welcome\/rob-2-0-tool\/rob-2-for-crossover-trials"},{"key":"13857_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1411","volume":"12","author":"LA McGuinness","year":"2021","unstructured":"McGuinness LA, Higgins JPT (2021) Risk-of-bias VISualization (robvis): an R package and Shiny web app for visualizing risk-of-bias assessments. Res Synth Methods 12:55\u201361","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"13857_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119099369.ch26","volume-title":"Systematic reviews in health research: meta\u2010analysis in context","author":"G Schwarzer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schwarzer G (2022) Meta\u2010analysis in R. In: Egger M, Higgins JPT, Smith GD (eds) Systematic reviews in health research: meta\u2010analysis in context.\u00a0Wiley (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd), pp 510\u2013534"},{"key":"13857_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","volume":"21","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Thompson SG (2002) Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med 21:1539\u20131558","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"13857_CR20","first-page":"508720","volume":"2012","author":"QJ Almeida","year":"2012","unstructured":"Almeida QJ, Bhatt H (2012) A manipulation of visual feedback during gait training in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsons Dis 2012:508720","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"13857_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01160.2013","volume":"116","author":"F Barbic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barbic F, Galli M, Dalla Vecchia L, Canesi M, Cimolin V, Porta A, Bari V, Cerri G, Dipaola F, Bassani T, Cozzolino D, Pezzoli G, Furlan R (2014) Effects of mechanical stimulation of the feet on gait and cardiovascular autonomic control in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Appl Physiol 116(5):495\u2013503","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"13857_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2019.03.001","volume":"64","author":"T Braun Janzen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Braun Janzen T, Haase M, Thaut MH (2019) Rhythmic priming across effector systems: a randomized controlled trial with Parkinson\u2019s disease patients. Hum Mov Sci 64:355\u2013365","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"issue":"2015","key":"13857_CR23","first-page":"710","volume":"9","author":"AA Bukowska","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bukowska AA, Kr\u0119\u017ca\u0142ek P, Mirek E, Bujas P, Marchewka A (2016) Neurologic music therapy training for mobility and stability rehabilitation with Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2014a pilot study. Front Hum Neurosci 9(2015):710","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"13857_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0533-9","volume":"16","author":"RS Calabr\u00f2","year":"2019","unstructured":"Calabr\u00f2 RS, Naro A, Filoni S, Pullia M, Billeri L, Tomasello P, Portaro S, Di Lorenzo G, Tomaino C, Bramanti P (2019) Walking to your right music: a randomized controlled trial on the novel use of treadmill plus music in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neuroeng Rehabil 16:68","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"13857_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12323","volume":"3","author":"F Camerota","year":"2016","unstructured":"Camerota F, Celletti C, Suppa A, Galli M, Cimolin V, Filippi GM, La Torre G, Albertini G, Stocchi F, De Pandis MF (2016) Focal muscle vibration improves gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a pilot randomized, controlled trial. Mov Disord Clin Pract 3:559\u2013566","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"13857_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.11.003","volume":"98","author":"I Carpinella","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carpinella I, Cattaneo D, Bonora G, Bowman T, Martina L, Montesano A, Ferrarin M (2017) Wearable sensor-based biofeedback training for balance and gait in Parkinson disease: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 98:622\u2013630.e623","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"13857_CR27","first-page":"649","volume":"5","author":"D Chaiwanichsiri","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chaiwanichsiri D, Wangno W, Kitisomprayoonkul W, Bhidayasiri R (2011) Treadmill training with music cueing: a new approach for Parkinson\u2019s gait facilitation. Asian Biomed 5:649\u2013654","journal-title":"Asian Biomed"},{"key":"13857_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17874","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017874","volume":"98","author":"H-Y Chang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chang H-Y, Lee Y-Y, Wu R-M, Yang Y-R, Luh J-J (2019) Effects of rhythmic auditory cueing on stepping in place in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Medicine 98:e17874","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"13857_CR29","first-page":"428","volume":"17","author":"LL Cui","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cui LL, Yu Y, Zhu ZZ, Li YQ, Hou WJ, Wang LQ, Chen RJ (2017) Rehabilitation effect of cueing strategies on balance function and gait in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Chin J Contemp Neurol Neurosurg 17:428\u2013433","journal-title":"Chin J Contemp Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"13857_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.6063\/motricidade.10809","volume":"14","author":"M Cursino","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cursino M, Raquel D, Hallal C, Faganello-Navega F (2018) Kinematic variables of gait and quality of life in Parkinsonians after different treadmill trainings: a randomized control trial. Motricidade 14:29","journal-title":"Motricidade"},{"key":"13857_CR31","first-page":"483530","volume":"2010","author":"N de Bruin","year":"2010","unstructured":"de Bruin N, Doan JB, Turnbull G, Suchowersky O, Bonfield S, Hu B, Brown LA (2010) Walking with music is a safe and viable tool for gait training in Parkinson\u2019s disease: the effect of a 13-week feasibility study on single and dual task walking. Parkinsons Dis 2010:483530","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"13857_CR32","first-page":"978590","volume":"2015","author":"R De Icco","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Icco R, Tassorelli C, Berra E, Bolla M, Pacchetti C, Sandrini G (2015) Acute and chronic effect of acoustic and visual cues on gait training in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized, controlled study. Parkinsons Dis 2015:978590","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"13857_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-025-01574-3","volume":"22","author":"MF De Pandis","year":"2025","unstructured":"De Pandis MF, Tomino C, Proietti S, Rotondo R, Gaglione M, Casali M, Corbo M, di Biase L, Galli M, Goffredo M, Stocchi F (2025) Mechanical peripheral stimulation for the treatment of gait disorders in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a multi-centre, double-blind, crossover randomized controlled trial. J Neuroeng Rehabil 22:77","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"13857_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.104334","volume":"15","author":"MS El-Tamawy","year":"2012","unstructured":"El-Tamawy MS, Darwish MH, Khallaf ME (2012) Effects of augmented proprioceptive cues on the parameters of gait of individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 15:267\u2013272","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"key":"13857_CR35","first-page":"860","volume":"54","author":"M Galli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Galli M, Vicidomini C, Rozin Kleiner AF, Vacca L, Cimolin V, Condoluci C, Stocchi F, De Pandis MF (2018) Peripheral neurostimulation breaks the shuffling steps patterns in Parkinsonian gait: a double blind randomized longitudinal study with automated mechanical peripheral stimulation. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 54:860\u2013865","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"13857_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.11.004","volume":"22","author":"P Ginis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ginis P, Nieuwboer A, Dorfman M, Ferrari A, Gazit E, Canning CG, Rocchi L, Chiari L, Hausdorff JM, Mirelman A (2016) Feasibility and effects of home-based smartphone-delivered automated feedback training for gait in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 22:28\u201334","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"13857_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-141051","volume":"34","author":"CC Harro","year":"2014","unstructured":"Harro CC, Shoemaker MJ, Frey OJ, Gamble AC, Harring KB, Karl KL, McDonald JD, Murray CJ, Tomassi EM, Van Dyke JM, Van Haistma RJ (2014) The effects of speed-dependent treadmill training and rhythmic auditory-cued overground walking on gait function and fall risk in individuals with idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized controlled trial. NeuroRehabilitation 34:557\u2013572","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"13857_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.05.009","volume":"99","author":"AFR Kleiner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kleiner AFR, Souza Pagnussat A, Pinto C, Redivo Marchese R, Salazar AP, Galli M (2018) Automated mechanical peripheral stimulation effects on gait variability in individuals with Parkinson disease and freezing of gait: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 99:2420\u20132429","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"13857_CR39","unstructured":"Laswell MT (2015) The therapeutic contributions of somatosensory feedback during exercise for those with Parkinson\u2019s disease. In: Kinesiology and Physical Education. Wilfrid Laurier University, Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive), p 85"},{"key":"13857_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.09.017","volume":"58","author":"E Lirani-Silva","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lirani-Silva E, Vit\u00f3rio R, Barbieri FA, Orcioli-Silva D, Simieli L, Gobbi LTB (2017) Continuous use of textured insole improve plantar sensation and stride length of people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a pilot study. Gait Posture 58:495\u2013497","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"13857_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-022-02075-2","volume":"34","author":"NR Marques","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marques NR, Kuroda MH, Moreno VC, Z\u00e1muner AR, Barbieri FA (2022) Effects of automatic mechanical peripheral stimulation on gait biomechanics in older adults with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized crossover clinical trial. Aging Clin Exp Res 34:1323\u20131331","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"13857_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327448","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1327448","volume":"15","author":"Y Miyahara","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miyahara Y, Phokaewvarangkul O, Kerr S, Anan C, Toriumi H, Bhidayasiri R (2024) Comparing the efficacy of therapeutic Thai acupressure on plantar acupoints and laser cane therapy on freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized non-inferiority trial. Front Neurol 15:1327448","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"13857_CR43","first-page":"195","volume":"36","author":"AS Pagnussat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pagnussat AS, Kleiner AFR, Rieder CRM, Frantz A, Ehlers J, Pinto C, Dorneles G, Netto CA, Peres A, Galli M (2018) Plantar stimulation in parkinsonians: from biomarkers to mobility\u2014randomized-controlled trial. Restor Neurol Neurosci 36:195\u2013205","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"13857_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13253","volume":"142","author":"AS Pagnussat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pagnussat AS, Salazar AP, Pinto C, Redivo Marchese R, Rieder CRM, Alves Filho JO, Franco AR, Kleiner AFR (2020) Plantar stimulation alters brain connectivity in idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease. Acta Neurol Scand 142:229\u2013238","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"13857_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280324","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1280324","volume":"15","author":"W Phuenpathom","year":"2023","unstructured":"Phuenpathom W, Panyakaew P, Vateekul P, Surangsrirat D, Bhidayasiri R (2023) Residual effects of combined vibratory and plantar stimulation while seated influences plantar pressure and spatiotemporal gait measures in individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease exhibiting freezing of gait. Front Aging Neurosci 15:1280324","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"13857_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2022.10.024","volume":"105","author":"W Phuenpathom","year":"2022","unstructured":"Phuenpathom W, Panyakaew P, Vateekul P, Surangsrirat D, Hiransuthikul A, Bhidayasiri R (2022) Vibratory and plantar pressure stimulation: steps to improve freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 105:43\u201351","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"13857_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7204","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12237204","volume":"12","author":"J Pollet","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pollet J, Buraschi R, Ranica G, Pancera S, Anastasi D, Fazio R, Monteleone S, Lena E, Floridi V, Zucchini F, Falso MV (2023) The effect of personalized shoe insoles on Parkinson\u2019s disease subjects: a triple-blind randomized controlled trial. J Clin Med 12:7204","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"13857_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215515588836","volume":"30","author":"C Schlick","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schlick C, Ernst A, B\u00f6tzel K, Plate A, Pelykh O, Ilmberger J (2016) Visual cues combined with treadmill training to improve gait performance in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 30:463\u2013471","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"2019","key":"13857_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00902","volume":"10","author":"M Serrao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Serrao M, Pierelli F, Sinibaldi E, Chini G, Castiglia SF, Priori M, Gimma D, Sellitto G, Ranavolo A, Conte C, Bartolo M, Monari G (2019) Progressive modular rebalancing system and visual cueing for gait rehabilitation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a pilot, randomized, controlled trial with crossover. Front Neurol 10(2019):902","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"13857_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-1056","volume":"44","author":"X Shen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shen X, Mak MKY (2012) Repetitive step training with preparatory signals improves stability limits in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Rehabil Med 44:944\u2013949","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"13857_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313517752","volume":"28","author":"X Shen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shen X, Mak MKY (2014) Balance and gait training with augmented feedback improves balance confidence in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 28:524\u2013535","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"13857_CR52","first-page":"27","volume":"27","author":"J Tinuan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tinuan J, Bhidayasiri R, Chuensiri N, Khongprasert S (2024) Step training using a multi-visual-cue mat to improve gait in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a feasibility study. J Exerc Physiologyonline (JEPonline) 27:27\u201342","journal-title":"Exerc Physiologyonline (JEPonline)"},{"issue":"2024","key":"13857_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327448","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1327448","volume":"15","author":"Y Miyahara","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miyahara Y, Phokaewvarangkul O, Kerr S, Anan C, Toriumi H, Bhidayasiri R (2024) Comparing the efficacy of therapeutic Thai acupressure on plantar acupoints and laser cane therapy on freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized non-inferiority trial. Front Neurol 15(2024):1327448","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"13857_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.11.077","volume":"136","author":"H Sparks","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sparks H, Cross KA, Choi JW, Courellis H, Thum J, Koenig E, Pouratian N (2022) Dorsal visual stream is preferentially engaged during externally guided action selection in Parkinson disease. Clin Neurophysiol 136:237\u2013246","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"13857_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683251351876","volume":"39","author":"R Vitorio","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vitorio R, Morris R, Graham L, Das J, Walker R, McDonald C, Mancini M, Stuart S (2025) Effects of internal and external cues on brain activity and gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: findings from BARC-PD. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 39:826\u2013838","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"13857_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13111552","volume":"13","author":"F Permezel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Permezel F, Alty J, Harding IH, Thyagarajan D (2023) Brain networks involved in sensory perception in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a scoping review. Brain Sci 13:1552","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"13857_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16232-5","volume":"8","author":"S Ghai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ghai S, Ghai I, Schmitz G, Effenberg AO (2018) Effect of rhythmic auditory cueing on parkinsonian gait: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 8:506","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"13857_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.09.006","volume":"66","author":"SW Ducharme","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ducharme SW, Sands CJ, Moore CC, Aguiar EJ, Hamill J, Tudor-Locke C (2018) Changes to gait speed and the walk ratio with rhythmic auditory cuing. Gait Posture 66:255\u2013259","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"13857_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.04.003","volume":"79","author":"M Hoppe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoppe M, Chawla G, Browner N, Lewek MD (2020) The effects of metronome frequency differentially affects gait on a treadmill and overground in people with Parkinson disease. Gait Posture 79:41\u201345","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"2025","key":"13857_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561880","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1561880","volume":"16","author":"X Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li X, Wang S, Wang K, Wang W, Tuo H, Long Y, Tan X, Sun W (2025) Personalized auditory cues improve gait in patients with early Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front Neurol 16(2025):1561880","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"13857_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29762","volume":"39","author":"D Zoetewei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zoetewei D, Herman T, Ginis P, Palmerini L, Brozgol M, Thumm PC, Ferrari A, Ceulemans E, Decaluw\u00e9 E, Hausdorff JM, Nieuwboer A (2024) On-demand cueing for freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Mov Disord 39:876\u2013886","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"13857_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25149","volume":"27","author":"C Vitale","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vitale C, Marcelli V, Allocca R, Santangelo G, Riccardi P, Erro R, Amboni M, Pellecchia MT, Cozzolino A, Longo K, Picillo M, Moccia M, Agosti V, Sorrentino G, Cavaliere M, Marciano E, Barone P (2012) Hearing impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease: expanding the nonmotor phenotype. Mov Disord 27:1530\u20131535","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"13857_CR63","first-page":"1","volume":"83","author":"RV Souza","year":"2025","unstructured":"Souza RV, Silva LAF, Matas CG (2025) Auditory pathway abnormalities in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 83:1\u201311","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"13857_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcaa144","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa144","volume":"2","author":"R Sisto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sisto R, Viziano A, Stefani A, Moleti A, Cerroni R, Liguori C, Garasto E, Pierantozzi M (2020) Lateralization of cochlear dysfunction as a specific biomarker of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain Commun 2:fcaa144","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"13857_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.11.016","volume":"108","author":"ST Baudendistel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baudendistel ST, Haussler AM, Rawson KS, Earhart GM (2024) Minimal clinically important differences of spatiotemporal gait variables in Parkinson disease. Gait Posture 108:257\u2013263","journal-title":"Gait Posture"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13857-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13857-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13857-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T18:02:25Z","timestamp":1781373745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13857-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["13857"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13857-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 May 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The author has no conflicts to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was waived by the Institutional Review Board, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, as this study is a systematic review and network meta-analysis of previously published data (Certificate of Exemption No. 020\/2026, dated February 9, 2026).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"PROSPERO; CRD420251273651 (registered on 15 January 2026).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Registration"}}],"article-number":"334"}}