{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T17:55:17Z","timestamp":1781373317107,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018748","name":"Argenx","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002839","name":"Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002839","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ADAPT phase 3 trial (NCT03669588) showed efgartigimod was well tolerated and efficacious in acetylcholine receptor antibody\u2013positive (AChR-Ab\u2009+) patients with generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG). This analysis utilized data from the ADAPT trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of efgartigimod in different patient subgroups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ADAPT included a broad population of AChR-Ab\u2009+\u2009participants who received a stable dose of\u2009\u2265\u20091 (any) treatment for gMG and were randomized 1:1 to efgartigimod (10\u00a0mg\/kg) or placebo (administered as four once-weekly infusions per cycle) for 26\u00a0weeks. Myasthenia Gravis Activities of Daily Living (MG-ADL) and Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis (QMG) responder rates in cycles 1 and 2, and rates of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were analyzed in the following patient subgroups: history of nonsteroidal immunosuppressive treatment (NSIST), concomitant use of gMG treatments throughout the study, and baseline patient and disease characteristics, including time since diagnosis, age, baseline MG-ADL score, body mass index (BMI), sex, and prior thymectomy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 129 AChR-Ab\u2009+\u2009participants were included (efgartigimod,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200965; placebo,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200964). Across all subgroups, higher MG-ADL and QMG responder rates were observed in participants treated with efgartigimod versus placebo during cycles 1 and 2. Rates of TEAEs were similar between participants treated with efgartigimod and placebo, regardless of concomitant gMG treatment type.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Similar to outcomes observed in the ADAPT overall population, efgartigimod was well tolerated and efficacious across a broad range of patients, regardless of NSIST treatment history, concomitant use of gMG treatments, or baseline patient and disease characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03669588 (registered September 13, 2018).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-026-13877-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T13:14:43Z","timestamp":1780492483000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical effectiveness of efgartigimod in a broad population of patients with generalized myasthenia gravis: subgroup analyses from a randomized, double\u2011blind, placebo\u2011controlled, phase 3 trial (ADAPT)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"273","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"James F.","family":"Howard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Sacc\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahram","family":"Attarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan L.","family":"De Bleecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Beauchamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Brauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Kerstens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Vissing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7233-5342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Meisel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The ADAPT Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"13877_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3233\/jnd-170294","volume":"5","author":"A Behin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Behin A, Le Panse R (2018) New pathways and therapeutic targets in autoimmune myasthenia gravis. J Neuromuscul Dis 5(3):265\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jnd-170294","journal-title":"J Neuromuscul Dis"},{"issue":"26","key":"13877_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1602678","volume":"375","author":"NE Gilhus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gilhus NE (2016) Myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med 375(26):2570\u20132581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1602678","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"13877_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20950","volume":"37","author":"D Grob","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grob D, Brunner N, Namba T, Pagala M (2008) Lifetime course of myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve 37(2):141\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.20950","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"13877_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-015-0298-1","volume":"13","author":"MI Boldingh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boldingh MI, Dekker L, Maniaol AH, Brunborg C, Lipka AF, Niks EH, Verschuuren JJ, Tallaksen CM (2015) An update on health-related quality of life in myasthenia gravis \u2013 results from population based cohorts. Health Qual Life Outcomes 13:115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-015-0298-1","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"1","key":"13877_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26104","volume":"58","author":"I Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee I, Kaminski HJ, Xin H, Cutter G (2018) Gender and quality of life in myasthenia gravis patients from the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America registry. Muscle Nerve 58(1):90\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.26104","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"13877_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-8-129","volume":"8","author":"S Twork","year":"2010","unstructured":"Twork S, Wiesmeth S, Klewer J, P\u00f6hlau D, Kugler J (2010) Quality of life and life circumstances in German myasthenia gravis patients. Health Qual Life Outcomes 8:129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1477-7525-8-129","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"1","key":"13877_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/1941875210382918","volume":"1","author":"LC Wendell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wendell LC, Levine JM (2011) Myasthenic crisis. Neurohospitalist 1(1):16\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1941875210382918","journal-title":"Neurohospitalist"},{"issue":"11","key":"13877_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112235","volume":"10","author":"L Dresser","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dresser L, Wlodarski R, Rezania K, Soliven B (2021) Myasthenia gravis: epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical manifestations. J Clin Med 10(11):2235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10112235","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"13877_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03019.x","volume":"17","author":"GO Skeie","year":"2010","unstructured":"Skeie GO, Apostolski S, Evoli A, Gilhus NE, Illa I, Harms L, Hilton-Jones D, Melms A, Verschuuren J, Horge HW (2010) Guidelines for treatment of autoimmune neuromuscular transmission disorders. Eur J Neurol 17(7):893\u2013902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03019.x","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"13877_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26695","volume":"60","author":"G Cutter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cutter G, Xin H, Aban I, Burns TM, Allman PH, Farzaneh-Far R, Duda PW, Kaminski HJ (2019) Cross-sectional analysis of the Myasthenia Gravis Patient Registry: disability and treatment. Muscle Nerve 60(6):707\u2013715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.26695","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"1","key":"13877_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102712","volume":"20","author":"AM Lascano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lascano AM, Lalive PH (2021) Update in immunosuppressive therapy of myasthenia gravis. Autoimmun Rev 20(1):102712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102712","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"13877_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3050","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10891-1","volume":"269","author":"S Lehnerer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lehnerer S, Jacobi J, Schilling R, Grittner U, Marbin D, Gerischer L, Stascheit F, Krause M, Hoffmann S, Meisel A (2022) Burden of disease in myasthenia gravis: taking the patient\u2019s perspective. J Neurol 269(6):3050\u20133063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-021-10891-1","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"13877_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864231213240","volume":"16","author":"H Wiendl","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wiendl H, Abicht A, Chan A, Della Marina A, Hagenacker T, Hekmat K, Hoffmann S, Hoffmann HS, Jander S, Keller C, Marx A, Melms A, Melzer N, M\u00fcller-Felber W, Pawlitzki M, R\u00fcckert JC, Schneider-Gold C, Schoser B, Schreiner B, Schroeter M, Schubert B, Sieb JP, Zimprich F, Meisel A (2023) Guideline for the management of myasthenic syndromes. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 16:17562864231213240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17562864231213240","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"13877_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(15)00145-3","volume":"14","author":"NE Gilhus","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gilhus NE, Verschuuren JJ (2015) Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies. Lancet Neurol 14(10):1023\u20131036. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(15)00145-3","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"13877_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.44","volume":"12","author":"NE Gilhus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gilhus NE, Skeie GO, Romi F, Lazaridis K, Zisimopoulou P, Tzartos S (2016) Myasthenia gravis \u2013 autoantibody characteristics and their implications for therapy. Nat Rev Neurol 12(5):259\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.44","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"Pt 17","key":"13877_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3217","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.190298","volume":"588","author":"RN Cole","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cole RN, Ghazanfari N, Ngo ST, Gerv\u00e1sio OL, Reddel SW, Phillips WD (2010) Patient autoantibodies deplete postsynaptic muscle-specific kinase leading to disassembly of the ACh receptor scaffold and myasthenia gravis in mice. J Physiol 588(Pt 17):3217\u20133229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.190298","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"13","key":"13877_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm198209233071301","volume":"307","author":"DB Drachman","year":"1982","unstructured":"Drachman DB, Adams RN, Josifek LF, Self SG (1982) Functional activities of autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptors and the clinical severity of myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med 307(13):769\u2013775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejm198209233071301","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"13877_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1987.tb51301.x","volume":"505","author":"AG Engel","year":"1987","unstructured":"Engel AG, Arahata K (1987) The membrane attack complex of complement at the endplate in myasthenia gravis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 505:326\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1987.tb51301.x","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"13877_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13522","volume":"1412","author":"JF Howard Jr.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Howard JF Jr. (2018) Myasthenia gravis: the role of complement at the neuromuscular junction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1412(1):113\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.13522","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"13877_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-010-9468-4","volume":"30","author":"TT Kuo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kuo TT, Baker K, Yoshida M, Qiao SW, Aveson VG, Lencer WI, Blumberg RS (2010) Neonatal Fc receptor: from immunity to therapeutics. J Clin Immunol 30(6):777\u2013789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10875-010-9468-4","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"13877_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4372","DOI":"10.1172\/jci97911","volume":"128","author":"P Ulrichts","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ulrichts P, Guglietta A, Dreier T, van Bragt T, Hanssens V, Hofman E, Vankerckhoven B, Verheesen P, Ongenae N, Lykhopiy V, Enriquez FJ, Cho J, Ober RJ, Ward ES, de Haard H, Leupin N (2018) Neonatal Fc receptor antagonist efgartigimod safely and sustainably reduces IgGs in humans. J Clin Invest 128(10):4372\u20134386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci97911","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"7","key":"13877_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(21)00159-9","volume":"20","author":"JF Howard Jr.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Howard JF Jr., Bril V, Vu T, Karam C, Peric S, Margania T, Murai H, Bilinska M, Shakarishvili R, Smilowski M, Guglietta A, Ulrichts P, Vangeneugden T, Utsugisawa K, Verschuuren J, Mantegazza R (2021) Safety, efficacy, and tolerability of efgartigimod in patients with generalised myasthenia gravis (ADAPT): a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol 20(7):526\u2013536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(21)00159-9","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"23","key":"13877_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2661","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000007600","volume":"92","author":"JF Howard Jr.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Howard JF Jr., Bril V, Burns TM, Mantegazza R, Bilinska M, Szczudlik A, Beydoun S, Garrido F, Piehl F, Rottoli M, Van Damme P, Vu T, Evoli A, Freimer M, Mozaffar T, Ward ES, Dreier T, Ulrichts P, Verschueren K, Guglietta A, de Haard H, Leupin N, Verschuuren J (2019) Randomized phase 2 study of FcRn antagonist efgartigimod in generalized myasthenia gravis. Neurology 92(23):e2661\u2013e2673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.0000000000007600","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"13877_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00176","volume":"6","author":"AE Nixon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nixon AE, Chen J, Sexton DJ, Muruganandam A, Bitonti AJ, Dumont J, Viswanathan M, Martik D, Wassaf D, Mezo A, Wood CR, Biedenkapp JC, TenHoor C (2015) Fully human monoclonal antibody inhibitors of the neonatal Fc receptor reduce circulating IgG in non-human primates. Front Immunol 6:176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00176","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"13877_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2025.2497840","volume":"21","author":"KG Gwathmey","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gwathmey KG, Broome CM, Goebeler M, Murai H, Bata-Csorgo Z, Newland AC, Allen JA, Miyakawa Y, Ulrichts P, Truyen L, Podhorna J, Kerstens R, Steeland S, Beauchamp J, Guptill JT, Howard JF Jr. (2025) Safety profile of efgartigimod from global clinical trials across multiple immunoglobulin G-mediated autoimmune diseases. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 21(5):627\u2013638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1744666X.2025.2497840","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"13877_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.52.7.1487","volume":"52","author":"GI Wolfe","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wolfe GI, Herbelin L, Nations SP, Foster B, Bryan WW, Barohn RJ (1999) Myasthenia gravis activities of daily living profile. Neurology 52(7):1487\u20131489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.52.7.1487","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"13877_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1284444","volume":"14","author":"JF Howard","year":"2024","unstructured":"Howard JF, Bril V, Vu T, Karam C, Peric S, De Bleecker JL, Murai H, Meisel A, Beydoun SR, Pasnoor M, Guglietta A, Van Hoorick B, Steeland S, T\u2019joen C, Utsugisawa K, Verschuuren J, Mantegazza R, ADAPT+ Study Group (2024) Long-term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of efgartigimod (ADAPT+): interim results from a phase 3 open-label extension study in participants with generalized myasthenia gravis. Front Neurol 14:1284444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1284444","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"13877_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.28044","volume":"69","author":"JF Howard Jr.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Howard JF Jr., Vu T, Mantegazza R, Kushlaf H, Suzuki S, Wiendl H, Beasley KN, Liao S, Meisel A, Group CMS (2024) Efficacy of ravulizumab in patients with generalized myasthenia gravis by time from diagnosis: a post hoc subgroup analysis of the CHAMPION MG study. Muscle Nerve 69(5):556\u2013565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.28044","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"13877_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2024.123264","volume":"466","author":"S Dewilde","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dewilde S, Griffiths A, Qi CZ, Phillips G, Gelinas D, Brauer E, Mantegazza R, Howard JF Jr. (2024) Post-hoc analyses from the ADAPT clinical study demonstrate aggregate sustained benefit of Efgartigimod in generalized myasthenia gravis. J Neurol Sci 466:123264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2024.123264","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"13877_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11082189","volume":"11","author":"L Diez Porras","year":"2022","unstructured":"Diez Porras L, Homedes C, Alberti MA, Velez Santamaria V, Casasnovas C (2022) Quality of life in myasthenia gravis and correlation of MG-QOL15 with other functional scales. J Clin Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11082189","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"13877_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3854","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15872","volume":"30","author":"F Sacc\u00e0","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sacc\u00e0 F, Pane C, Espinosa PE, Sormani MP, Signori A (2023) Efficacy of innovative therapies in myasthenia gravis: a systematic review, meta-analysis and network meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol 30(12):3854\u20133867","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"13877_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26469","volume":"59","author":"E Frisaldi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Frisaldi E, Shaibani A, Vollert J, Ferrero B, Carrino R, Ibraheem HD, Vase L, Benedetti F (2019) The placebo response in myasthenia gravis assessed by quantitative myasthenia gravis score: a meta-analysis. Muscle Nerve 59(6):671\u2013678","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"1","key":"13877_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23839","volume":"48","author":"JF Howard Jr.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Howard JF Jr., Barohn RJ, Cutter GR, Freimer M, Juel VC, Mozaffar T, Mellion ML, Benatar MG, Farrugia ME, Wang JJ, Malhotra SS, Kissel JT, Group MGS (2013) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II study of eculizumab in patients with refractory generalized myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve 48(1):76\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.23839","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"5","key":"13877_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27331","volume":"64","author":"JLS Thomsen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thomsen JLS, Vinge L, Harbo T, Andersen H (2021) Gender differences in clinical outcomes in myasthenia gravis: a prospective cohort study. Muscle Nerve 64(5):538\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.27331","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"8","key":"13877_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1080\/08916934.2022.2104261","volume":"55","author":"JT Guptill","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guptill JT, Sleasman JW, Steeland S, Sips M, Gelinas D, de Haard H, Azar A, Winthrop KL (2022) Effect of FcRn antagonism on protective antibodies and to vaccines in IgG-mediated autoimmune diseases pemphigus and generalised myasthenia gravis. Autoimmunity 55(8):620\u2013631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08916934.2022.2104261","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"4","key":"13877_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11517-w","volume":"270","author":"F Sacc\u00e0","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sacc\u00e0 F, Barnett C, Vu T, Peric S, Phillips GA, Zhao S, Qi CZ, Gelinas D, Chiroli S, Verschuuren JJGM (2023) Efgartigimod improved health-related quality of life in generalized myasthenia gravis: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study (ADAPT). J Neurol 270(4):2096\u20132105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-022-11517-w","journal-title":"J Neurol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13877-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13877-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13877-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T17:10:03Z","timestamp":1781370603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13877-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["13877"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13877-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 June 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"J.F.H.: Research funding (paid to his institution):\u00a0Ad Scientiam, Alexion, argenx, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Cartesian Therapeutics, Centers for Disease Control, and Prevention, MGFA, Merck EMB Serono, Muscular Dystrophy Association, NIH, NMD Pharma, PCORI, and UCB Pharma; Consulting fees: Alexion AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Amgen, Biohaven Ltd, CoreEvitas, Curie.bio, Hansa Biopharma, Japan Tobacco Company, Kyverna Therapeutics, Merck EMB Serono, Novartis Pharma, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi US, TG Therapeutics, Toleranzia AB, and UCB Pharma; Speaker fees: AcademicCME, CheckRare CME, PeerView CME, Physicians\u2019 Education Resource (PER) CME, PlatformQ CME; Non-financial support: Alexion AstraZeneca Rare Disease, argenx, Biohaven Ltd, Cartesian Therapeutics, Toleranzia AB, and UCB Pharma. Stock dividends (in family trust): Bristol Meyer Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson; DSMB\/Advisory Boards: Alexion AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Amgen, Biohaven Ltd, CoreEvitas, Hansa Biopharma, Japan Tobacco Company, Kyverna Therapeutics, Novartis Pharma, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Toleranzia AB, and UCB Pharma. S.H.: Alexion, argenx, Grifols, Johnson & Johnson, Kyverna, Merck, Roche, and UCB Pharma. S.A.: Alexion, Alnylam, Amgen, Amicus, argenx, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Janssen, LFB, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, and UCB Pharma. J.L.D.B.: Alexion, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Amgen, Amicus, argenx, Biogen, CSL Behring, Janssen, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, and UCB Pharma. J.B., E.B., and R.K.: full-time employees of argenx with stock or stock options. J.V.: Alexion, Amgen, Amicus, Arvinas, Biogen, Fulcrum Therapeutics, Genethon, Janssen, Lupin, Merck, ML Biopharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Sarepta Therapeutics, and UCB Pharma. A.M. received speaker\u2019s honoraria, served as an advisor board\/DSMB member and consultant, and has received research grants (paid to his institution) from Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Amgen, argenx, Axunio, Desitin, Genpharm, Grifols, Hormosan, Immunovant, Johnson & Johnson, Merck, Novartis, Octapharma, Regeneron, Sanofi, and UCB. He served as chairman and member of the medical advisory board of the German Myasthenia.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"The protocol and amendments were approved by the institutional review board or ethics committee at each participating center (for full list, see Supplementary Table\u00a01) in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) of Good Clinical Practice (GCP), the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and other applicable local ethical and legal requirements.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All patients provided written informed consent before starting the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}],"article-number":"363"}}