{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T18:54:46Z","timestamp":1781376886996,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82474263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82474263"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program sponsored by the Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["2023YFC2508402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2508402"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-026-13891-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T10:52:04Z","timestamp":1780570324000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions for persistent postural-perceptual dizziness: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of balance, anxiety, and depression outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"273","author":[{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoli","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianning","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"13891_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-170622","volume":"27","author":"JP Staab","year":"2017","unstructured":"Staab JP, Eckhardt-Henn A, Horii A, Jacob R, Strupp M, Brandt T et al (2017) Diagnostic criteria for persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD): consensus document of the committee for the classification of vestibular disorders of the B\u00e1r\u00e1ny society. J Vestib Res. 27(4):191\u2013208","journal-title":"J Vestib Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"13891_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2017-001809","volume":"18","author":"S Popkirov","year":"2018","unstructured":"Popkirov S, Staab JP, Stone J (2018) Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD): a common, characteristic and treatable cause of chronic dizziness. Pract Neurol 18(1):5\u201313","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13891_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000417","volume":"30","author":"M Dieterich","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dieterich M, Staab JP (2017) Functional dizziness: from phobic postural vertigo and chronic subjective dizziness to persistent postural-perceptual dizziness. Curr Opin Neurol 30(1):107\u201313","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"13891_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-330196","volume":"94","author":"A Trinidade","year":"2023","unstructured":"Trinidade A, Cabreira V, Goebel JA, Staab JP, Kaski D, Stone J (2023) Predictors of persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) and similar forms of chronic dizziness precipitated by peripheral vestibular disorders: a systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 94(11):904\u201315","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"13891_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2014.08.012","volume":"81","author":"RS Bittar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bittar RS, Lins EM (2015) Clinical characteristics of patients with persistent postural-perceptual dizziness. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 81(3):276\u201382","journal-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol."},{"issue":"12","key":"13891_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-023-08040-7","volume":"280","author":"MH Steensnaes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Steensnaes MH, Knapstad MK, Goplen FK, Berge JE (2023) Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) and quality of life: a cross-sectional study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 280(12):5285\u201392","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"10\u201312","key":"13891_CR7","first-page":"49","volume":"20","author":"JR Scarff","year":"2023","unstructured":"Scarff JR, Lippmann S (2023) Treating psychiatric symptoms in persistent postural perceptual dizziness. Innov Clin Neurosci 20(10\u201312):49\u201354","journal-title":"Innov Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"13891_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4486.2011.02309.x","volume":"36","author":"SL Hillier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hillier SL, McDonnell M (2011) Vestibular rehabilitation for unilateral peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Clin Otolaryngol 36(3):248\u20139","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13891_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000162","volume":"28","author":"SL Whitney","year":"2015","unstructured":"Whitney SL, Alghwiri A, Alghadir A (2015) Physical therapy for persons with vestibular disorders. Curr Opin Neurol 28(1):61\u20138","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"13891_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.02.032","volume":"96","author":"D Meldrum","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meldrum D, Herdman S, Vance R, Murray D, Malone K, Duffy D et al (2015) Effectiveness of conventional versus virtual reality-based balance exercises in vestibular rehabilitation for unilateral peripheral vestibular loss: results of a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 96(7):1319\u201328.e1","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"13891_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894221111408","volume":"132","author":"CS Teh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Teh CS, Abdullah NA, Kamaruddin NR, Mohd Judi KB, Fadzilah I, Zainun Z et al (2023) Home-based vestibular rehabilitation: a feasible and effective therapy for persistent postural perceptual dizziness (a pilot study). Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 132(5):566\u201377","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"issue":"4","key":"13891_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1177\/09574271251326587","volume":"35","author":"MM Al-Omari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Al-Omari MM, Abuzaid SM, Khair HJ, Manaf H, Alghwiri AA (2025) The effect of using virtual reality on balance in people with persistent postural-perceptual dizziness: a randomized controlled trial. J Vestib Res 35(4):213\u201324","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"13891_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-12085-3","volume":"271","author":"M Wuehr","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wuehr M, Eder J, Kellerer S, Amberger T, Jahn K (2024) Mechanisms underlying treatment effects of vestibular noise stimulation on postural instability in patients with bilateral vestibulopathy. J Neurol 271(3):1408\u201315","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"13891_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5731","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11033-x","volume":"269","author":"J Eder","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eder J, Kellerer S, Amberger T, Keywan A, Dlugaiczyk J, Wuehr M et al (2022) Combining vestibular rehabilitation with noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation for treatment of bilateral vestibulopathy. J Neurol 269(11):5731\u20137","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"13891_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-025-00733-x","volume":"14","author":"W Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li W, Liu C, Zhang Y, Peng M, Luo X, Zhang H et al (2025) Efficacy and safety analysis of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with persistent postural perceptual dizziness: a single-center, single-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Neurol Ther 14(3):849\u201363","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"key":"13891_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2024.10.005","volume":"17","author":"Y Jia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jia Y, Wang H, Li D, Wu X, Yang J, Min W et al (2024) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as add-on the rapyin persistent postural-perceptual dizziness. IBRO Neurosci Rep 17:382\u20138","journal-title":"IBRO Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"13891_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8894-8","volume":"265","author":"OE Eren","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eren OE, Filippopulos F, S\u00f6nmez K, M\u00f6hwald K, Straube A, Sch\u00f6berl F (2018) Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation significantly improves quality of life in patients with persistent postural-perceptual dizziness. J Neurol 265(Suppl 1):63\u20139","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"13891_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2024.101393","volume":"90","author":"J Zang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zang J, Zheng M, Chu H, Yang X (2024) Additional cognitive behavior therapy for persistent postural-perceptual dizziness: a meta-analysis. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 90(3):101393","journal-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"4","key":"13891_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2011.10.009","volume":"33","author":"S Edelman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Edelman S, Mahoney AE, Cremer PD (2012) Cognitive behavior therapy for chronic subjective dizziness: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Otolaryngol 33(4):395\u2013401","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"13891_CR20","unstructured":"Dias S, Welton NJ, Sutton AJ, Ades AE (2014) NICE Decision Support Unit Technical Support Documents. NICE DSU Technical Support Document 2: A Generalised Linear Modelling Framework for Pairwise and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Copyright \u00a9 2014 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, unless otherwise stated. All rights reserved"},{"issue":"1","key":"13891_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-016-1583-7","volume":"12","author":"B Rouse","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rouse B, Chaimani A, Li T (2017) Network meta-analysis: an introduction for clinicians. Intern Emerg Med 12(1):103\u201311","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"13891_CR22","unstructured":"Higgins JPT TJ, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al, editor(s) (2024) Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.5 (updated August 2024). Chapter 10."},{"key":"13891_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD et al (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Bmj 372:n71","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"13891_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j4008","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j4008","volume":"358","author":"BJ Shea","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, Thuku M, Hamel C, Moran J et al (2017) AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. Bmj 358:j4008","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"1","key":"13891_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93940-z","volume":"11","author":"SY Choi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choi SY, Choi JH, Oh EH, Oh SJ, Choi KD (2021) Effect of vestibular exercise and optokinetic stimulation using virtual reality in persistent postural-perceptual dizziness. Sci Rep 11(1):14437","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"13891_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-022-01068-6","volume":"19","author":"T Yamaguchi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yamaguchi T, Miwa T, Tamura K, Inoue F, Umezawa N, Maetani T et al (2022) Temporal virtual reality-guided, dual-task, trunk balance training in a sitting position improves persistent postural-perceptual dizziness: proof of concept. J Neuroeng Rehabil 19(1):92","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"13891_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/avr.v34i4.19951","author":"S Alsaad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alsaad S, Adel Ghahraman M, Tavanai E, Jalaie S, Malmir K, Aldujaili A (2025) Comparative efficacy of vestibular rehabilitation, noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation, and their combination on postural control, dizziness, anxiety, and depression in patients with persistent postural-perceptual dizziness. Audit Vestibul Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/avr.v34i4.19951","journal-title":"Audit Vestibul Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"13891_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11107-w","volume":"269","author":"D Herdman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Herdman D, Norton S, Murdin L, Frost K, Pavlou M, Moss-Morris R (2022) The INVEST trial: a randomised feasibility trial of psychologically informed vestibular rehabilitation versus current gold standard physiotherapy for people with Persistent Postural Perceptual Dizziness. J Neurol. 269(9):4753\u201363","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"issue":"10","key":"13891_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10102215","volume":"10","author":"K Limburg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Limburg K, Radziej K, Sattel H, Henningsen P, Dieterich M, Probst T et al (2021) A randomized controlled trial evaluating integrative psychotherapeutic group treatment compared to self-help groups in functional vertigo\/dizziness. J Clin Med 10(10):2215","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"13891_CR30","first-page":"Cd005397","volume":"1","author":"MN McDonnell","year":"2015","unstructured":"McDonnell MN, Hillier SL (2015) Vestibular rehabilitation for unilateral peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1(1):Cd005397","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"13891_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12060753","volume":"12","author":"P Castro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Castro P, Bancroft MJ, Arshad Q, Kaski D (2022) Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) from brain imaging to behaviour and perception. Brain Sci 12(6):753","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"13891_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7259-1","volume":"261","author":"R Schniepp","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schniepp R, Wuehr M, Huth S, Pradhan C, Brandt T, Jahn K (2014) Gait characteristics of patients with phobic postural vertigo: effects of fear of falling, attention, and visual input. J Neurol 261(4):738\u201346","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"13891_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142018","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2023.1142018","volume":"4","author":"MJ Kobel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kobel MJ, Wagner AR, Merfeld DM (2023) Recurrence quantification analysis of postural sway in patients with persistent postural perceptual dizziness. Front Rehabil Sci 4:1142018","journal-title":"Front Rehabil Sci"},{"key":"13891_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880714","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.880714","volume":"13","author":"C De Vestel","year":"2022","unstructured":"De Vestel C, De Hertogh W, Van Rompaey V, Vereeck L (2022) Comparison of clinical balance and visual dependence tests in patients with chronic dizziness with and without persistent postural-perceptual dizziness: a cross-sectional study. Front Neurol 13:880714","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"13891_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.002","volume":"131","author":"J-P Lefaucheur","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lefaucheur J-P, Aleman A, Baeken C, Benninger DH, Brunelin J, Di Lazzaro V et al (2020) Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): an update (2014\u20132018). Clinical Neurophysiol 131(2):474\u2013528","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"13891_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00035.2019","volume":"121","author":"J Dlugaiczyk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dlugaiczyk J, Gensberger KD, Straka H (2019) Galvanic vestibular stimulation: from basic concepts to clinical applications. J Neurophysiol 121(6):2237\u201355","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13891_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-11529-2","volume":"15","author":"R Storm","year":"2025","unstructured":"Storm R, Wrobel V, Frings A, Sprenger A, Helmchen C (2025) Functional brain activity in persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) during galvanic vestibular stimulation reveals sensitization in the multisensory vestibular cortical network. Sci Rep 15(1):27355","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"13891_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-3402736","volume":"40","author":"JP Staab","year":"2020","unstructured":"Staab JP (2020) Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness. Semin Neurol 40(1):130\u20137","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"13891_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.133.2.170","volume":"133","author":"JP Staab","year":"2007","unstructured":"Staab JP, Ruckenstein MJ (2007) Expanding the differential diagnosis of chronic dizziness. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 133(2):170\u20136","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"13891_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.09.011","volume":"42","author":"MJ Ruckenstein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ruckenstein MJ, Staab JP (2009) Chronic subjective dizziness. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 42(1):71\u20137","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"13891_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2015.17.3\/akaczkurkin","volume":"17","author":"AN Kaczkurkin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaczkurkin AN, Foa EB (2015) Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: an update on the empirical evidence. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 17(3):337\u201346","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"13891_CR42","first-page":"493","volume":"15","author":"J Dom\u00ednguez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez-P\u00e9rez J, Pe\u00f1ate-Castro W, Rivero-P\u00e9rez FL (2025) Neural mechanisms of cognitive behavioral therapy efficacy in anxiety disorders: a scoping review of fMRI-based studies that tested the dual model. Life (Basel) 15(3):493","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"13891_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401946","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1401946","volume":"15","author":"A Haipt","year":"2024","unstructured":"Haipt A, Rosenbaum D, Fuhr K, Batra A, Ehlis AC (2024) Differential effects of hypnotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy on the default mode network of depressed patients. Front Psychol 15:1401946","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"13891_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.004","volume":"272","author":"M Yuan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yuan M, Zhu H, Qiu C, Meng Y, Zhang Y, Ren Z et al (2018) Altered regional and integrated resting-state brain activity in general social anxiety disorder patients before and after group cognitive behavior therapy. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 272:30\u20137","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"13891_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02297-y","volume":"13","author":"B Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo B, Zhang M, Hao W, Wang Y, Zhang T, Liu C (2023) Neuroinflammation mechanisms of neuromodulation therapies for anxiety and depression. Transl Psychiatry 13(1):5","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"13891_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2013-0024","volume":"24","author":"FJ Medina","year":"2013","unstructured":"Medina FJ, T\u00fanez I (2013) Mechanisms and pathways underlying the therapeutic effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Rev Neurosci 24(5):507\u201325","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"13891_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.092544","volume":"567","author":"BL Day","year":"2005","unstructured":"Day BL, Fitzpatrick RC (2005) Virtual head rotation reveals a process of route reconstruction from human vestibular signals. J Physiol 567(Pt 2):591\u20137","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"13891_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45042","DOI":"10.31083\/JIN45042","volume":"24","author":"A Pliego","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pliego A, Soto E (2025) Galvanic vestibular stimulation and its effects on sympathetic nervous system activation. J Integr Neurosci 24(11):45042","journal-title":"J Integr Neurosci"},{"issue":"15","key":"13891_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5524","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155524","volume":"14","author":"D Piatti","year":"2025","unstructured":"Piatti D, De Angelis S, Paolocci G, Minnetti A, Manzari L, Verdecchia DH et al (2025) The role of vestibular physical therapy in managing persistent postural-perceptual dizziness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med 14(15):5524","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"13891_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.03.025","volume":"79","author":"J Fang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fang J, Rong P, Hong Y, Fan Y, Liu J, Wang H et al (2016) Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation modulates default mode network in major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 79(4):266\u201373","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13891-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13891-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13891-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T18:02:37Z","timestamp":1781373757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13891-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["13891"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13891-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"Inapplicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"366"}}