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IIH is strongly associated with obesity and rising incidence has been reported in northern hemisphere countries. However, paediatric and Southern Hemisphere populations, including Australia, are under-represented in the existing literature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a multicentre retrospective study of adults (\u2265\u200918\u00a0years) and children (&lt;\u200918\u00a0years) diagnosed with definite IIH (Revised Friedman criteria 2013) between 2010 and 2023 at two Melbourne-based quaternary hospitals, capturing the majority of cases in Victoria, Australia. Demographic and clinical data were collected at diagnosis. Annual crude and age-standardised incidence rates per 100,000 population were calculated overall and by age group across predefined periods (2010\u20132014, 2015\u20132019, and 2020\u20132023). Temporal trends were assessed using negative-binomial regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 612 incident IIH cases were identified, including 504 adults and 108 children. Adults were predominantly female (94%), with mean age 28.0\u2009\u00b1\u20096.5\u00a0years and mean BMI 37.6\u2009\u00b1\u20098.4\u00a0kg\/m2. Children showed lower female predominance (76%), younger mean age (12.4\u2009\u00b1\u20093.5\u00a0years), and lower mean BMI (31.9\u2009\u00b1\u20098.4\u00a0kg\/m2). Headache was the most common presenting symptom in both groups (adults 84% and children 86%). Diplopia and sixth nerve palsy were more frequent in children.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Age-standardised IIH incidence increased from 0.86\/100,000 person-years in 2010\u20132014 to 6.53\/100,000 in 2020\u20132023. In adults, incidence rose from 0.07\/100,000 in 2010 to 2.30\/100,000 in 2023 (32-fold); in children, from 0.33\/100,000 to 1.01\/100,000 (threefold). The highest incidence rates were seen among females aged 18\u201339\u00a0years, in whom incidence rose from 0.11\/100,000 to 6.79\/100,000 between 2010 and 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IIH incidence in Victoria increased substantially over 14\u00a0years, with the greatest burden among young adult females, mirroring international trends and highlighting the need for ongoing surveillance and mechanistic research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-026-13901-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T11:33:18Z","timestamp":1781350398000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Incidence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) in adults and children: a 14-year population-based study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"273","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5866-5271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mina","family":"Botrous","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujan","family":"Surendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Sarossy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blake D.","family":"Colman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul G.","family":"Sanfillippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong Lin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivanand","family":"Sheth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subahari","family":"Raviskanthan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Darby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare L.","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Sarossy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Simpson-Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneke","family":"van der Walt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"13901_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-311302","volume":"87","author":"SP Mollan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mollan SP, Ali F, Hassan-Smith G, Botfield H, Friedman DI, Sinclair AJ (2016) Evolving evidence in adult idiopathic intracranial hypertension: pathophysiology and management. 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