{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T08:14:15Z","timestamp":1783498455499,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782518400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Social cognition, particularly emotion recognition, can be impaired in neurological disorders involving brain damage and neurocognitive deficits. However, it remains unclear whether distinctive profiles of social versus general cognitive impairments exist across neurological patient groups: moderate\u2013severe traumatic brain injury (mod\u2013sevTBI), acute ischaemic stroke (AIS), aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH), frontal low-grade glioma (LGG), advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), and behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were obtained from scientific studies and clinical records in four Dutch research centres. Neuropsychological testing included emotion recognition [Eckman 60-Faces test (EFT): total score and subscores], memory [Dutch Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (DRAVLT): encoding and retrieval], information processing speed, and cognitive control (Trail Making Test A and B). Scores were transformed into Z-scores using normative data and compared across groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Included were 710 patients: 118 mod-sevTBI, 93 AIS, 121 aSAH, 100 LGG, 147 PD, 131 bvFTD. EFT-total was impaired in all groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001), with significant group differences (F(5,704)\u2009=\u200930.8,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Emotion recognition was the most severely affected domain in bvFTD, mod-sevTBI, AIS, and LGG. Only bvFTD and mod-sevTBI showed impairments in specific emotions, mainly sadness and fear. MANOVA showed overall group differences in general cognition (Wilks\u2019 Lambda\u2009=\u2009.69,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Memory encoding was impaired in all groups, but retrieval in none. Information processing speed and cognitive control were impaired only in bvFTD, mod-sevTBI, AIS, and PD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Emotion recognition is significantly affected across six neurological patient groups, with distinct profiles relative to general cognition. These findings support tailored neuropsychological assessment in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-026-13952-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T14:06:57Z","timestamp":1782569217000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neuropsychological impairments in emotion recognition compared to general cognition: profiles across six different neurological disorders"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"273","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8747-1654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amber","family":"Heegers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1965-9668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra E.","family":"Rakers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1579-6964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marieke E.","family":"Timmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7412-3378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herma J.","family":"Westerhof-Evers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5875-2577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo P.","family":"Aben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8120-7366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"van den Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3202-5598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nils S.","family":"van den Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9664-4075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay L. P.","family":"Fieldhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8565-0625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marleen J. J.","family":"Gerritsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3067-763X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rob J. M.","family":"Groen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0312-3674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward H. F.","family":"de Haan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1105-4621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rients B.","family":"Huitema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1120-1858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lize C.","family":"Jiskoot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6276-539X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lieke S.","family":"Jorna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7674-352X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Khosdelazad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6031-2255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul L. M.","family":"de Kort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5040-998X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miranda C. A.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5088-480X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teus","family":"van Laar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2464-1905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolande A. L.","family":"Pijnenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1989-7527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harro","family":"Seelaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9307-7994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Femke F.","family":"Siebenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7709-0310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fijanne","family":"Strijkert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6734-2345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiska L.","family":"van der Weide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4244-369X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sygrid","family":"van der Zee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7346-5691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne M.","family":"Buunk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6477-0763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacoba M.","family":"Spikman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"13952_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.07.007","volume":"89","author":"L Ruttan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ruttan L, Martin K, Liu A et al (2008) Long-term cognitive outcome in moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis examining timed and untimed tests at 1 and 4.5 or more years after injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 89:69\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.07.007","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"13952_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930241252530","volume":"19","author":"M Coenen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Coenen M, de Kort FAS, Weaver NA et al (2024) Strategic white matter hyperintensity locations associated with post-stroke cognitive impairment: a multicenter study in 1568 stroke patients. Int J Stroke 19:916\u2013924. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17474930241252530","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"13952_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-022-04181-7","volume":"160","author":"C Sleurs","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sleurs C, Zegers CML, Compter I et al (2022) Neurocognition in adults with intracranial tumors: does location really matter? J Neurooncol 160:619\u2013629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-022-04181-7","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"13952_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.229","volume":"12","author":"JD Henry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Henry JD, Von Hippel W, Molenberghs P et al (2016) Clinical assessment of social cognitive function in neurological disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 12:28\u201339","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"13952_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00202-6","volume":"11","author":"R Adolphs","year":"2001","unstructured":"Adolphs R (2001) The neurobiology of social cognition. Curr Opin Neurobiol 11:231\u2013239","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"13952_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.06.019","volume":"91","author":"MR Benedictus","year":"2010","unstructured":"Benedictus MR, Spikman JM, Van Der Naalt J (2010) Cognitive and behavioral impairment in traumatic brain injury related to outcome and return to work. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 91:1436\u20131441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.06.019","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"13952_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065581","author":"JM Spikman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Spikman JM, Milders MV, Visser-Keizer AC et al (2013) Deficits in facial emotion recognition indicate behavioral changes and impaired self-awareness after moderate to severe Traumatic brain injury. PLoS ONE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0065581","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"13952_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2017.07.015","volume":"103","author":"AM Buunk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buunk AM, Spikman JM, Veenstra WS et al (2017) Social cognition impairments after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: associations with deficits in interpersonal behaviour, apathy, and impaired self-awareness. Neuropsychologia 103:131\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2017.07.015","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"13952_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12341","author":"AC Slomp","year":"2023","unstructured":"Slomp AC, van der Zee S, Boertien JM et al (2023) Impaired facial emotion recognition in relation to social behaviours in de novo Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neuropsychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnp.12341","journal-title":"J Neuropsychol"},{"key":"13952_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/WNN.0000000000000288","volume":"35","author":"K Polet","year":"2022","unstructured":"Polet K, Hesse S, Morisot A et al (2022) Eye-gaze strategies during facial emotion recognition in neurodegenerative diseases and links with neuropsychiatric disorders. Cogn Behav Neurol 35:14\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNN.0000000000000288","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Neurol"},{"key":"13952_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021908","volume":"25","author":"DR Babbage","year":"2011","unstructured":"Babbage DR, Yim J, Zupan B et al (2011) Meta-analysis of facial affect recognition difficulties after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology 25:277\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0021908","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"13952_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10096-y","volume":"268","author":"LC Jiskoot","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiskoot LC, Poos JM, Vollebergh ME et al (2021) Emotion recognition of morphed facial expressions in presymptomatic and symptomatic frontotemporal dementia, and Alzheimer\u2019s dementia. J Neurol 268:102\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-020-10096-y","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"13952_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1159\/000353440","volume":"36","author":"R Yuvaraj","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yuvaraj R, Murugappan M, Norlinah MI et al (2013) Review of emotion recognition in stroke patients. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 36:179\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000353440","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"13952_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noad209","volume":"26","author":"FF Siebenga","year":"2023","unstructured":"Siebenga FF, van der Weide HL, Gelmers F et al (2023) Emotion recognition in relation to tumor characteristics in patients with low-grade glioma. Neuro Oncol 26:528\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noad209","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"13952_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27305","volume":"33","author":"S Argaud","year":"2018","unstructured":"Argaud S, V\u00e9rin M, Sauleau P, Grandjean D (2018) Facial emotion recognition in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a review and new hypotheses. Mov Disord 33:554\u2013567","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"13952_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988716640375","volume":"29","author":"E Bora","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bora E, Velakoulis D, Walterfang M (2016) Meta-analysis of facial emotion recognition in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 29:205\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0891988716640375","journal-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"},{"key":"13952_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-021-09510-7","volume":"32","author":"JM Murphy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Murphy JM, Bennett JM, de la Piedad GX, Willis ML (2022) Emotion recognition and traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 32:520\u2013536","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"13952_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00202-6","volume":"41","author":"S Charbonneau","year":"2003","unstructured":"Charbonneau S, Scherzer BP, Aspirot D, Cohen H (2003) Perception and production of facial and prosodic emotions by chronic CVA patients. Neuropsychologia 41:605\u2013613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00202-6","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"13952_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213725","author":"B Nijsse","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nijsse B, Spikman JM, Visser-Meily JMA et al (2019) Social cognition impairments are associated with behavioural changes in the long term after stroke. PLoS One. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0213725","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"13952_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12091259","author":"AM Buunk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Buunk AM, Gerritsen MJJ, Jeltema HR et al (2022) Emotion recognition in patients with low-grade glioma before and after surgery. Brain Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci12091259","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"13952_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-012-9201-6","volume":"22","author":"F Kumfor","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kumfor F, Piguet O (2012) Disturbance of emotion processing in frontotemporal dementia: a synthesis of cognitive and neuroimaging findings. Neuropsychol Rev 22:280\u2013297","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"13952_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2015.1074663","volume":"37","author":"AR Dymowski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dymowski AR, Owens JA, Ponsford JL, Willmott C (2015) Speed of processing and strategic control of attention after traumatic brain injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 37:1024\u20131035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803395.2015.1074663","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"13952_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2017.07.006","volume":"173","author":"P Azouvi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Azouvi P, Arnould A, Dromer E, Vallat-Azouvi C (2017) Neuropsychology of traumatic brain injury: an expert overview. Rev Neurol (Paris) 173:461\u2013472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurol.2017.07.006","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"13952_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09738-y","volume":"267","author":"JM Poos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Poos JM, Jiskoot LC, Leijdesdorff SMJ et al (2020) Cognitive profiles discriminate between genetic variants of behavioral frontotemporal dementia. J Neurol 267:1603\u20131612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-020-09738-y","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"13952_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617725101045","volume":"31","author":"F Strijkert","year":"2025","unstructured":"Strijkert F, Huitema RB, Van Munster BC, Spikman JM (2025) Profile of impairments in social and non-social cognition in vascular dementia compared to Alzheimer\u2019s disease and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 31:300\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617725101045","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"13952_CR26","unstructured":"Verhage F (1964) Intelligentie en leeftijd: Onderzoek bij nederlanders van twaalf tot zevenenzeventig jaar. Van Gorcum, Assen"},{"key":"13952_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.0245","volume":"24","author":"JF Malec","year":"2007","unstructured":"Malec JF, Brown AW, Leibson CL et al (2007) The mayo classification system for traumatic brain injury severity. J Neurotrauma 24:1417\u20131424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2006.0245","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"13952_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000332","volume":"32","author":"HJ Westerhof-Evers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Westerhof-Evers HJ, Visser-Keizer AC, Fasotti L et al (2017) Effectiveness of a treatment for impairments in social cognition and emotion regulation (T-ScEmo) after traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. J Head Trauma Rehabil 32:296\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000332","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"13952_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617709991020","volume":"16","author":"JM Spikman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Spikman JM, Boelen DHE, Lamberts KF et al (2010) Effects of a multifaceted treatment program for executive dysfunction after acquired brain injury on indications of executive functioning in daily life. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 16:118\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617709991020","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"13952_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/resprot.9431","author":"HP Aben","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aben HP, Reijmer YD, Visser-Meily JMA et al (2018) A role for new brain magnetic resonance imaging modalities in daily clinical practice: protocol of the prediction of cognitive recovery after stroke (PROCRAS) study. JMIR Res Protoc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/resprot.9431","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"13952_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12240","volume":"15","author":"NS van den Berg","year":"2021","unstructured":"van den Berg NS, de Haan EHF, Huitema RB et al (2021) The neural underpinnings of facial emotion recognition in ischemic stroke patients. J Neuropsychol 15:516\u2013532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnp.12240","journal-title":"J Neuropsychol"},{"key":"13952_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.51.11.1457","volume":"51","author":"GM Teasdale","year":"1988","unstructured":"Teasdale GM, Drake CG, Hunt W et al (1988) A universal subarachnoid haemorrhage scale: report of a committee of the world federation of neurosurgical societies. J Neurol, Neurosurg 51:1457","journal-title":"J Neurol, Neurosurg"},{"key":"13952_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/38190","author":"S Khosdelazad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khosdelazad S, Jorna LS, Groen RJM et al (2022) Investigating recovery after subarachnoid hemorrhage with the imaging, cognition and outcome of neuropsychological functioning after subarachnoid hemorrhage (ICONS) study: protocol for a longitudinal, prospective cohort study. JMIR Res Protoc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/38190","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"13952_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2020.01.001","volume":"38","author":"KT Mitchell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mitchell KT, Ostrem JL (2020) Surgical treatment of Parkinson disease. Neurol Clin 38:293\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ncl.2020.01.001","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"13952_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22340","volume":"23","author":"CG Goetz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goetz CG, Tilley BC, Shaftman SR et al (2008) Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): scale presentation and clinimetric testing results. Mov Disord 23:2129\u20132170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.22340","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"13952_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr179","volume":"134","author":"K Rascovsky","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rascovsky K, Hodges JR, Knopman D et al (2011) Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain 134:2456\u20132477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awr179","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"13952_CR37","first-page":"143","volume":"13","author":"L Voncken","year":"2018","unstructured":"Voncken L, Timmerman M, Spikman J, Huitema R (2018) Beschrijving van de nieuwe, Nederlandse normering van de Ekman 60 Faces Test (EFT), onderdeel van de FEEST. Tijdschrift voor neuropsychol 13:143\u2013151","journal-title":"Tijdschrift voor neuropsychol"},{"key":"13952_CR38","unstructured":"Saan RJ, Deelman BG (2012) andboek neuropsychologische diagnostiek (textbook of neuropsychological assessment). Pearson Assessment and Information BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"key":"13952_CR39","unstructured":"Schmand B, Houx P, De Koning I (2012) Normen van psychologische tests voor gebruik in de klinische neuropsychologie. Sectie Neuropsychologie Nederlands Instituut van Psychologen"},{"key":"13952_CR40","unstructured":"IBM, Corp, Armonk NY IBM SPSS exact tests"},{"key":"13952_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2021.02.005","volume":"68","author":"E Paradiso","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paradiso E, Gazzola V, Keysers C (2021) Neural mechanisms necessary for empathy-related phenomena across species. Curr Opin Neurobiol 68:107\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conb.2021.02.005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"13952_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.04.022","volume":"46","author":"PG Enticott","year":"2008","unstructured":"Enticott PG, Johnston PJ, Herring SE et al (2008) Mirror neuron activation is associated with facial emotion processing. Neuropsychologia 46:2851\u20132854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.04.022","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"13952_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1017\/S135561772000140X","volume":"27","author":"LS Jorna","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jorna LS, Westerhof-Evers HJ, Khosdelazad S et al (2021) Behaviors of concern after acquired brain injury: the role of negative emotion recognition and anger misattribution. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 27:1015\u20131023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S135561772000140X","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"13952_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166995","volume":"11","author":"AC Visser-Keizer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Visser-Keizer AC, Westerhof-Evers HJ, Gerritsen MJJ et al (2016) To fear is to gain? the role of fear recognition in risky decision-making in TBI patients and healthy controls. PLoS ONE 11:1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0166995","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"13952_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617720000740","volume":"27","author":"NS Van Den Berg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Den Berg NS, Reesink FE, De Haan EHF et al (2021) Emotion recognition and traffic-related risk-taking behavior in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 27:136\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617720000740","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"13952_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-020-01121-x","volume":"19","author":"NS van den Berg","year":"2020","unstructured":"van den Berg NS, Huitema RB, Spikman JM et al (2020) Impairments in emotion recognition and risk-taking behavior after isolated, cerebellar stroke. Cerebellum 19:419\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12311-020-01121-x","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"13952_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.181","volume":"10","author":"PS Sachdev","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sachdev PS, Blacker D, Blazer DG et al (2014) Classifying neurocognitive disorders: the DSM-5 approach. Nat Rev Neurol 10:634\u2013642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.181","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"13952_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.60.110707.163514","volume":"60","author":"R Adolphs","year":"2009","unstructured":"Adolphs R (2009) The social brain: neural basis of social knowledge. Annu Rev Psychol 60:693\u2013716","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"13952_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.2084","volume":"29","author":"JM Spikman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Spikman JM, Timmerman ME, Milders MV et al (2012) Social cognition impairments in relation to general cognitive deficits, injury severity, and prefrontal lesions in traumatic brain injury patients. J Neurotrauma 29:101\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2011.2084","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"13952_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad144","volume":"5","author":"K Klepzig","year":"2023","unstructured":"Klepzig K, Domin M, Wendt J et al (2023) Structural integrity of the insula and emotional facial recognition performance following stroke. Brain Commun 5:fcad144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad144","journal-title":"Brain Commun"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13952-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13952-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13952-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T07:22:26Z","timestamp":1783495346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13952-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["13952"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13952-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 June 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 June 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No potential conflicts of interest are present for each of the co-authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}],"article-number":"428"}}