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At 3 and 12\u00a0months after admission, patients completed BRIEF-A (Global Executive Composite (GEC) and subscales), Everyday Memory Questionnaire-Revised (EMQ-R), and Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ), assessing executive functioning, memory, and post-TBE symptoms (higher scores indicate more difficulties). The primary outcomes were within-patient change in questionnaire scores from 3 to 12\u00a0months, and 12-month scores in patients compared to controls. The secondary outcomes were BRIEF-A subscale scores and proportion with clinically significant impairment. Covariates included in the analyses were age, sex, comorbidities, acute disease severity, anxiety, and depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There were no significant changes from 3 to 12\u00a0months. At 12\u00a0months, scores were within the normal range, but patients had higher EMQ-R and RPQ than controls (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001). BRIEF-A GECs did not differ, but patients had higher working memory subscale scores (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.002). These differences persisted after adjustment for anxiety and depression. Clinically significant impairment was more frequent in patients (odds ratios 2.29\u20138.19). Comorbidities, acute disease burden, anxiety, depression and female sex were associated with unfavorable 12\u00a0month outcome.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TBE patients have an overall good one-year prognosis, but a minority\u2014characterized by higher acute disease burden and comorbidities\u2014have persistent cognitive difficulties that may warrant follow-up. Anxiety and depression were related to unfavorable prognosis but did not account for the cognitive differences between patients and controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Project #2,296,959\n                      <jats:bold>\u2014<\/jats:bold>\n                      The NOrwegian Tick-borne Encephalitis Study\u2014NOTES\n                      <jats:bold>.<\/jats:bold>\n                      An Observational Study on Clinical Features, Long-term Outcomes and Immune Characteristics\u2014Cristin.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-026-14095-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T19:02:37Z","timestamp":1787857357000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-term patient-reported neurocognitive and functional outcomes after tick-borne encephalitis: a prospective controlled multicenter cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"273","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0707-8236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hilde","family":"Skudal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6918-4157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c5slaug Rudjord","family":"Lorentzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8566-7039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tore","family":"Stenstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1633-5660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Else","family":"Quist-Paulsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6828-0609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00f8rre","family":"Fevang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7527-3487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keson","family":"Jaioun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5487-0616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malin","family":"Veje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1063-5985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hege","family":"Kersten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0104-9626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randi","family":"Eikeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7322-9266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Egeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"14095_CR1","first-page":"83","volume-title":"The TBE book","author":"G Dobler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dobler G et al (2023) The TBE book, 6th edn. 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Author \u00c5slaug Rudjord Lorentzen received a minor grant from Sanofi in 2021. Author Randi Eikeland has received speaker and travel honoraria from Pfizer. The remaining authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the South-Eastern Regional Ethical Committee (Date 6\/10\/2020\/Study no 96505) and the Data Protection Office at all the participating centers.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The manuscript does not contain any one individual\u2019s data in any form.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to publish","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"554"}}