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Potential conflicts of interest outside the submitted work are the following: E. Petza has nothing to disclose. S. Guerrieri received compensation for speaking activities from Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, Roche and Merck. V. Marino, I. Gattuso, M. Rubin, and A. Nozzolillo have nothing to disclose. M.A. Rocca received consulting fees from Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Roche; and speaker honoraria from Alexion, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Horizon Therapeutics Italy, Merck Serono SpA, Mitsubishi-Tanabe Pharma, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, and Sanofi. She receives research support from the MS Society of Canada, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. She is Associate Editor for\n                      Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders\n                      ; and Associate Co-Editor for Europe and Africa for\n                      Multiple Sclerosis Journal\n                      . L. Moiola received honoraria from Merck, Celgene, Biogen, Sanofi, Novartis, Roche, Alexion, Neuraxpharm, and Amgen. M. Filippi is the Editor-in-Chief of the\n                      Journal of Neurology\n                      , Associate Editor of\n                      Human Brain Mapping\n                      ,\n                      Neurological Sciences,\n                      and\n                      Radiology\n                      ; received compensation for consulting services from Almirall, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi; speaking activities from Amgen, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Fujirebio, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck, Neopharmed Gentili, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, and Takeda; participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, GE Healthcare Ltd, Merck, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi, and Takeda; scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, and Sanofi-Genzyme; he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Approval was obtained from the ethics committee of IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects prior to study participation according to the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written\u00a0consent to use and publication of anonymized\u00a0clinical data\u00a0was obtained from all subjects prior to study participation.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to publish","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"600"}}