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Tortorella received honoraria for speaking, consultation fees, and support for attending meetings and\/or travel from Alexion, Amgen, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Neuroxpharma, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi. A. Cruciani has won and is currently funded by the ECTRIMS-MAGNIMS fellowship programme; has received travel grants and\/or speaking honoraria from Merck, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Neuraxpharm and Sanofi. F. Patti received honoraria for speaking activities from Almirall, Bayer Schering, Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva; served as advisory board member for Alexion, Almirall, BMS Celgene, Janssen, Bayer Schering, Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva; was funded by Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Reload Association, Italian Health Minister, Italian University Minister University of Catania, and FISM for epidemiologic studies. M. Capobianco reported receiving personal fees from and\/or serving on advisory boards for Alexion, Almirall, Amgen, Biogen, Lundbeck, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi-Genzyme. P. Iaffaldano received grants to attend scientific congresses or speaker honoraria from Biogen, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi\/Genzyme, and Teva. M. Mirabella received honoraria for speaking, advisory board\/consulting from Biogen, Novartis, Merck, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Janssen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Viatris, Alexion, Amgen, Neuraxapharm. He is the principal investigator in clinical trials for Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme. M. Inglese has received honoraria as a speaker and member of advisory boards from Alexion, Amgen, Biogen, BMS, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Roche, Sandoz. She is a member of the Editorial Board of Multiple Sclerosis and General Secretary of ECTRIMS. L. Past\u00f2 received research support from Novartis and Biogen; and speaker honoraria from Teva. S. Haggiag received personal fees from Novartis, Merck Serono, Roche, Sanofi, BMS, and Alexion. L. Prosperini received personal fees and nonfinancial support from Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, and Viatris. S. Ruggieri received personal fees from Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Alexion and Roche. R. Fantozzi received travel support, consultation fees and honoraria for advisory boards from Novartis, Merck-Serono, Biogen, Roche, Neuraxpharm, Alexion, Sanofi-Genzyme. M. Foschi received personal fees from Roche, Novartis, Biogen, Sanofi, Merck, and Bristol-Myers Squibb, and served as a consultant for Roche and Novartis. G. De Luca received personal fees from Merck, Roche, Biogen, and Novartis and served on the advisory boards for Merck, Roche, and Lundbeck. M. Vianello received compensation for travel grants or speaking activities from Biogen, Merck Serono, Roche, BMS Celgene, Janssen, and Novartis. G. Salemi received consulting fees from Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis and speaker honoraria from Roche. S. Montepietra has nothing to disclose. D. Ferraro has received travel grants and\/or fees for speaking and\/or advisory boards from Alexion, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi. P. Cavalla received honoraria from Alexion, Biogen, BMS, Merck, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Roche, for consulting services, speaking and\/or travel support. G.T. Maniscalco received personal fees from Biogen, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Alexion, and Amgen. E. Curti served on scientific advisory boards\/scientific events for Merck, Biogen, BMS, Roche and Novartis; has received funding for travel from Biogen, Merck, Teva, Sanofi Genzyme, Roche, Novartis, Alexion. A. Lugaresi in the last 3\u00a0years (2023\u20132025) received personal compensation from Alexion, Amgen\/Horizon, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb\/Celgene, Janssen\/Johnson & Johnson, Merck Serono, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi\/Genzyme and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla (FISM). Her institutions received research grants from Novartis, Roche and Sanofi\/Genzyme. G.A. Marfia is an Advisory Board member of Sanofi-Genzyme, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Alexion, Amgen and received honoraria for speaking or consultation fees from Almirall, Amgen, Alexion, Merck Serono, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Roche, and BMS. She is the principal investigator in clinical trials for Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and BMS. P. Valentino received personal fees from Roche, Merck, and Novartis. A. Di Sapio received personal compensation for speaking and consulting from Biogen, Novartis, and Genzyme; and has been reimbursed by Merck, Biogen, Genzyme, and Roche for attending several conferences. J. Frau received personal fees from Merck Serono, Genzyme, Biogen and Teva and served on scientific advisory boards for Biogen and Genzyme. S. Realmuto has nothing to disclose. S. Cottone has nothing to disclose. M.A. Rocca received consulting fees from Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Roche; and speaker honoraria from AstraZeneca, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Bromatech, Celgene, Genzyme, Horizon Therapeutics Italy, Merck Serono SpA, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi and Teva. She receives research support from the MS Society of Canada, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. She is Associate Editor for Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, and Associate Co-Editor for Europe and Africa for Multiple Sclerosis Journal. E. Colombo received personal fees from Sanofi, Biogen, Novartis, Merck, Roche, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen, and Alexion. P. Perini reports grants from Almirall, Teva, Sanofi-Genzyme, Merck Serono, Biogen Italy, Novartis, and Roche; and consultancy for Novartis, Biogen Italy, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Roche. S.G. Crisafulli received support for congress participation from Mylan, Merck-Serono, Novartis, and Roche, and served on the advisory boards for Novartis and Roche. M.T. Ferr\u00f2 has nothing to disclose. S. Romano reports fees as a speaker and travel expense refunds from Biogen, Novartis, and Roche. A. Protti has nothing to disclose. A.C. Landi has nothing to disclose. M.G. Coniglio received personal fees from Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi Genzyme. P. Annovazzi received honoraria for lecturing and participation in advisory boards and\/or travel expenses from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, BMS-Celgene, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Teva, and Viatris. L. Pasquali received fees and grants from Biogen, Sanofi-Genzyme, Novartis, Alexion, Roche, and Merck Serono, and participated in advisory boards for Merck and Sanofi-Genzyme. E. Ferraro received speaking honoraria from Merck, Sanofi, Alexion, Amgen and travel grants from Merck, Sanofi, Alexion and Amgen. I. Pesci received personal fees from Merck, Roche, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Biogen, Alexion, Neuraxpharm. M. Peresson has nothing to disclose. R. Lanzillo has nothing to disclose. R. Totaro reported receiving personal fees from and\/or serving on advisory boards for Alexion, Almirall, Amgen, Biogen, Lundbeck, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi-Genzyme. G. Lus reported receiving grants and personal fees from Alexion, Amgen, Biogen Idec, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck Serono, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, and Roche. S.M. Bova has nothing to disclose. R. Cantello has nothing to disclose. L. Zuliani received personal fees from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Genzyme, Merck-Serono, Mylan, Novartis, and Roche. D. Cargnelutti received personal fees from Roche, Novartis, Merck, Sanofi Genzyme, and Biogen. L. Massacesi has nothing to disclose. A. Bonaventura received personal fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, Sanofi Aventis, Alexion, Genzyme, and Lusofarmaco, and served as a consultant for Biogen and Novartis. M. Trotta has nothing to disclose. A. Gajofatto received speaking and advisory board honoraria from Amgen, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Roche and Sanofi. U. Aguglia has nothing to disclose. G. Santuccio has nothing to disclose. M.C. Danni has nothing to disclose. A. Burlina has nothing to disclose. R. Clerici has nothing to disclose. P. Gazzola has nothing to disclose. S. Bucello received personal fees from Roche and Novartis; served as a consultant for Biogen, Sanofi, Merck Serono, and Novartis; and participated in speakers' bureaus for Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, Merck, Sanofi, and Roche. M. Pizzorno has nothing to disclose. P. Barone has nothing to disclose. A. Conte received honoraria for speaking, consultation fees and research grants from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Alexion, Almirall. She is an Advisory Board member of Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Almirall. G. Santangelo has nothing to disclose. C. Solaro received personal fees from Merck, Biogen, Novartis, Roche, and Almirall. F. Marinelli received personal fees from Merck Serono, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, and Roche. C. Avolio received honoraria for speaking, consultation fees and research grants from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Alexion, Amgen. He is an Advisory Board member of Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Alexion, Amgen. A. Leone has nothing to disclose. F. Rossi has nothing to disclose. M. Frigo has nothing to disclose. N. Mascoli received personal fees from Novartis and Biogen. M. Carrozzi has nothing to disclose. M. Buccafusca has nothing to disclose. F. Sica reported serving as an advisory board member of Novartis, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Merck Serono. A. Rini received personal fees from Novartis, BIAL, Abbvie, and Sanofi. M. Falcini received travel grants from Novartis, Biogen, Roche, and Alexion. G. Trivelli has nothing to disclose. D. Maimone has nothing to disclose. P. Immovilli received personal fees from Roche, Novartis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen, Sanofi, Merck, and Alexion. C. Chiavazza has nothing to disclose. B. Marini has nothing to disclose. F. De Robertis has nothing to disclose. G. Ribizzi has nothing to disclose. F. Capone has nothing to disclose. R. Balgera has nothing to disclose. N. De Stefano has received honoraria from Biogen-Idec, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Genzyme, Immunic, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche and Teva for consulting services, speaking, and travel support. He serves on advisory boards for Merck, Novartis, Biogen-Idec, Roche, Genzyme, and Immunic, and has received research grant support from the Italian MS Society. M.L. Bartolozzi has nothing to disclose. A. Gallo has received speaker and consulting fees from Biogen, Genzyme, Merck Serono, Mylan, Novartis, Roche, and Teva, and receives research support from Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. F. Corea has nothing to disclose. M. Ulivelli has nothing to disclose. D. Spitaleri has nothing to disclose. C. Fioretti has nothing to disclose. G. Turano has nothing to disclose. M. Gatto has nothing to disclose. R. Sgobio has nothing to disclose. A. Giordano has nothing to disclose. M. Santangelo has nothing to disclose. K. Plewnia has nothing to disclose. C. Gasperini received honoraria for speaking, consultation fees and support for attending meetings and\/or travel from Biogen, Almirall, Merck, Roche, Novartis, Sanofi, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Viatris, Sandoz, AstraZeneca. P. Mosconi has nothing to disclose. V. Lepore has nothing to disclose. M. Trojano received travel and\/or speaker honoraria from Sanofi Aventis, Genzyme, Biogen Idec, Teva, Merck Serono, and Novartis; and reported receiving speaker honoraria and research grants to her institution from and serving on advisory boards of Biogen, Merck Serono, and Novartis. M. Filippi is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology, Associate Editor of Human Brain Mapping, Neurological Sciences, and Radiology; received compensation for consulting services from Almirall, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi; speaking activities from Amgen, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Fujirebio, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck, Neopharmed Gentili, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda; participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, GE Healthcare Ltd, Merck, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi, Takeda; scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme; he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. M.P. Amato has received research grants from Merck, Novartis, Roche, and honoraria as a speaker and member of advisory boards from Bayer, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Teva, Almirall, Roche, Celgene BMS, Sandoz. She is a member of the Editorial Board of the Multiple Sclerosis Journal and Frontiers in Neurology.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"665"}}