{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T23:45:44Z","timestamp":1792107944700,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004337","name":"Roche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ML41222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ML41222"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004337","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007366","name":"Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023\/R\/Single 044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/R\/Single 044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007366","name":"Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020 R-Multi 050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020 R-Multi 050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNC-E3-2022-23683266"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNC-E3-2022-23683266"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-026-14202-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T22:55:40Z","timestamp":1792104940000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antiviral and inflammatory immune signatures in anti-CD20-treated multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"273","author":[{"given":"Silvia","family":"D\u2019Orso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Picozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisella","family":"Guerrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Verdiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Pirronello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Misiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Olivieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Corbisiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela F.","family":"Angelini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arcangela","family":"Ingrasc\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emiliano","family":"Giardina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Ruggieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Tortorella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Gasperini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Chiara","family":"Buscarinu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Salvetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Gran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Battistini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4227-6481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Borsellino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"14","key":"14202_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841","volume":"26","author":"C Walton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walton C, King R, Rechtman L et al (2020) Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition. Mult Scler J 26(14):1816\u20131821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458520970841","journal-title":"Mult Scler J"},{"issue":"3","key":"14202_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3390\/sclerosis2030009","volume":"2","author":"MS Patil","year":"2024","unstructured":"Patil MS, Lin LY, Marsh-Wakefield F et al (2024) Multiple sclerosis: immune cells, histopathology, and therapeutics. Sclerosis 2(3):117\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sclerosis2030009","journal-title":"Sclerosis"},{"issue":"9","key":"14202_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70191-1","volume":"7","author":"JJG Geurts","year":"2008","unstructured":"Geurts JJG, Barkhof F (2008) Grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 7(9):841\u2013851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70191-1","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"14202_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13248-0","volume":"272","author":"BK Vitturi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vitturi BK, Cellerino M, Boccia D et al (2025) Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol 272(8):513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13248-0","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"14202_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00427-y","volume":"17","author":"I Cortese","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cortese I, Reich DS, Nath A (2021) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and the spectrum of JC virus-related disease. Nat Rev Neurol 17(1):37\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-020-00427-y","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"14202_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-021-03111-7","volume":"54","author":"V Martinsen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Martinsen V, Kursula P (2022) Multiple sclerosis and myelin basic protein: insights into protein disorder and disease. Amino Acids 54(1):99\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00726-021-03111-7","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"issue":"1","key":"14202_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44667-0","volume":"15","author":"E Balint","year":"2024","unstructured":"Balint E, Feng E, Giles EC et al (2024) Bystander activated CD8+ T cells mediate neuropathology during viral infection via antigen-independent cytotoxicity. Nat Commun 15(1):896. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-44667-0","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"6578","key":"14202_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj8222","volume":"375","author":"K Bjornevik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bjornevik K, Cortese M, Healy BC et al (2022) Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein\u2013Barr virus associated with multiple sclerosis. Science 375(6578):296\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abj8222","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"14202_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2016.87","volume":"6","author":"MP Pender","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pender MP, Csurhes PA, Burrows JM, Burrows SR (2017) Defective T-cell control of Epstein\u2013Barr virus infection in multiple sclerosis. Clin Transl Immunol 6(1):e126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/cti.2016.87","journal-title":"Clin Transl Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"14202_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32832b4c8d","volume":"22","author":"M Salvetti","year":"2009","unstructured":"Salvetti M, Giovannoni G, Aloisi F (2009) Epstein\u2013Barr virus and multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol 22(3):201\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32832b4c8d","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"24","key":"14202_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00980-19","volume":"93","author":"B Serafini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Serafini B, Rosicarelli B, Veroni C, Mazzola GA, Aloisi F (2019) Epstein\u2013Barr virus-specific CD8 T cells selectively infiltrate the brain in multiple sclerosis and interact locally with virus-infected cells: clue for a virus-driven immunopathological mechanism. J Virol 93(24):e00980-19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.00980-19","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"14202_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm038","volume":"130","author":"R Magliozzi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Magliozzi R, Howell O, Vora A et al (2007) Meningeal B-cell follicles in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis associate with early onset of disease and severe cortical pathology. Brain 130(Pt 4):1089\u20131104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awm038","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"14202_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150200026","volume":"249","author":"J Correale","year":"2002","unstructured":"Correale J, de los Milagros Bassani Molinas M (2002) Oligoclonal bands and antibody responses in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 249(4):375\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004150200026","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"14202_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Keller B, Strohmeier V, Harder I et al (2021) The expansion of human T-bethighCD21low B cells is T cell dependent. Sci Immunol 6(64):eabh0891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciimmunol.abh0891","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abh0891"},{"issue":"12","key":"14202_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.188543","volume":"10","author":"ED SoRelle","year":"2025","unstructured":"SoRelle ED, Haukenfrers E, Horn GQ et al (2025) Early multiple sclerosis activity associated with TBX21+CD21loCXCR3+ B cell expansion resembling EBV-induced phenotypes. JCI Insight 10(12):e188543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.188543","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"3","key":"14202_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102027","volume":"6","author":"I Jelcic","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jelcic I, Naghavian R, Fanaswala I et al (2025) T-bet+ CXCR3+ B cells drive hyperreactive B-T cell interactions in multiple sclerosis. Cell Rep Med 6(3):102027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102027","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"14202_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00498-5","volume":"17","author":"MT Cencioni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cencioni MT, Mattoscio M, Magliozzi R, Bar-Or A, Muraro PA (2021) B cells in multiple sclerosis\u2014from targeted depletion to immune reconstitution therapies. Nat Rev Neurol 17(7):399\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-021-00498-5","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"14202_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-024-02011-w","volume":"84","author":"AK Carlson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Carlson AK, Amin M, Cohen JA (2024) Drugs targeting CD20 in multiple sclerosis: pharmacology, efficacy, safety, and tolerability. Drugs 84(3):285\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40265-024-02011-w","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"14202_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200056","volume":"10","author":"C Starvaggi Cucuzza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Starvaggi Cucuzza C, Longinetti E, Ruffin N et al (2023) Sustained low relapse rate with highly variable B-cell repopulation dynamics with extended rituximab dosing intervals in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 10(1):e200056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200056","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"2","key":"14202_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.3365","volume":"77","author":"G Luna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luna G, Alping P, Burman J et al (2020) Infection risks among patients with multiple sclerosis treated with fingolimod, natalizumab, rituximab, and injectable therapies. JAMA Neurol 77(2):184\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.3365","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"14202_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.106191","volume":"93","author":"K Smolik","year":"2025","unstructured":"Smolik K, Camilli F, Panzera I et al (2025) Hypogammaglobulinemia and severe infections in multiple sclerosis patients on anti-CD20 agents: a multicentre study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 93:106191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2024.106191","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"14202_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.08.008","volume":"51","author":"CA Dutertre","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dutertre CA, Becht E, Irac SE et al (2019) Single-cell analysis of human mononuclear phagocytes reveals subset-defining markers and identifies circulating inflammatory dendritic cells. Immunity 51(3):573\u2013589.e8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.08.008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"14202_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57002-6","volume":"16","author":"F Parween","year":"2025","unstructured":"Parween F, Singh SP, Kathuria N et al (2025) Migration arrest and transendothelial trafficking of human pathogenic-like Th17 cells are mediated by differentially positioned chemokines. Nat Commun 16(1):1978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-57002-6","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"14202_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1601277","volume":"376","author":"SL Hauser","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hauser SL, Bar-Or A, Comi G et al (2017) Ocrelizumab versus interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 376(3):221\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1601277","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"14202_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606468","volume":"376","author":"X Montalban","year":"2017","unstructured":"Montalban X, Hauser SL, Kappos L et al (2017) Ocrelizumab versus placebo in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 376(3):209\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1606468","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"14202_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13133-w","volume":"272","author":"L Davies","year":"2025","unstructured":"Davies L, Shehadeh R, Watkins WJ, Jolles S, Robertson NP, Tallantyre EC (2025) Real-world observational study of infections in people treated with ocrelizumab for multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 272(6):415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13133-w","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"14202_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1380654","volume":"15","author":"A Elgenidy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Elgenidy A, Abdelhalim NN, Al-Kurdi MAM et al (2024) Hypogammaglobulinemia and infections in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with anti-CD20 treatments: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 19,139 multiple sclerosis patients. Front Neurol 15:1380654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1380654","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"14202_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.04.011","volume":"50","author":"S Crotty","year":"2019","unstructured":"Crotty S (2019) T follicular helper cell biology: a decade of discovery and diseases. Immunity 50(5):1132\u20131148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.04.011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"6","key":"14202_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.03.024","volume":"34","author":"SM Kerfoot","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kerfoot SM, Yaari G, Patel JR et al (2011) Germinal center B cell and T follicular helper cell development initiates in the interfollicular zone. Immunity 34(6):947\u2013960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.03.024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"14202_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2024.110262","volume":"264","author":"S El Mahdaoui","year":"2024","unstructured":"El Mahdaoui S, Hansen MM, Hansen MB et al (2024) Effects of anti-CD20 therapy on circulating and intrathecal follicular helper T cell subsets in multiple sclerosis. Clin Immunol Orlando Fla 264:110262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clim.2024.110262","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Orlando Fla"},{"key":"14202_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Salerno-Goncalves R, Rezwan T, Sztein MB (2014) B cells modulate mucosal associated invariant T cell immune responses. Front Immunol 4:511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00511","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00511"},{"issue":"41","key":"14202_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aaw0402","volume":"4","author":"H Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang H, Kjer-Nielsen L, Shi M et al (2019) IL-23 costimulates antigen-specific MAIT cell activation and enables vaccination against bacterial infection. Sci Immunol 4(41):eaaw0402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciimmunol.aaw0402","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"14202_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8010012","volume":"8","author":"S Gingele","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gingele S, Jacobus TL, Konen FF et al (2018) Ocrelizumab depletes CD20+ T cells in multiple sclerosis patients. Cells 8(1):12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells8010012","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"5","key":"14202_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.054","volume":"183","author":"J Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang J, Jelcic I, M\u00fchlenbruch L et al (2020) HLA-DR15 molecules jointly shape an autoreactive T cell repertoire in multiple sclerosis. Cell 183(5):1264\u20131281.e20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.054","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"14202_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2024.109894","volume":"259","author":"L Beckers","year":"2024","unstructured":"Beckers L, Baeten P, Popescu V et al (2024) Alterations in the innate and adaptive immune system in a real-world cohort of multiple sclerosis patients treated with ocrelizumab. Clin Immunol Orlando Fla 259:109894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clim.2024.109894","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Orlando Fla"},{"issue":"2","key":"14202_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000940","volume":"8","author":"JI Fern\u00e1ndez-Velasco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Velasco JI, Kuhle J, Monreal E et al (2021) Effect of ocrelizumab in blood leukocytes of patients with primary progressive MS. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 8(2):e940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000940","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"1","key":"14202_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-5728(98)00002-2","volume":"86","author":"C McManus","year":"1998","unstructured":"McManus C, Berman JW, Brett FM, Staunton H, Farrell M, Brosnan CF (1998) MCP-1, MCP-2 and MCP-3 expression in multiple sclerosis lesions: an immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study. J Neuroimmunol 86(1):20\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0165-5728(98)00002-2","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"14202_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2017.11.013","volume":"26","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Han JJ, Liang XY et al (2018) miR-23b suppresses leukocyte migration and pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by targeting CCL7. Mol Ther 26(2):582\u2013592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ymthe.2017.11.013","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"14202_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl043","volume":"129","author":"M Stasiolek","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stasiolek M, Bayas A, Kruse N et al (2006) Impaired maturation and altered regulatory function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis. Brain 129(Pt 5):1293\u20131305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awl043","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"6","key":"14202_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000876","volume":"7","author":"G Guerrera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guerrera G, Ruggieri S, Picozza M et al (2020) EBV-specific CD8 T lymphocytes and B cells during glatiramer acetate therapy in patients with MS. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 7(6):e876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000876","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"1","key":"14202_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00985-3","volume":"23","author":"H Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee H, Jeong S, Shin EC (2022) Significance of bystander T cell activation in microbial infection. Nat Immunol 23(1):13\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41590-021-00985-3","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"14202_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103678","volume":"59","author":"JR Berger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Berger JR, Kakara M (2022) The elimination of circulating Epstein\u2013Barr virus infected B cells underlies anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody activity in multiple sclerosis: a hypothesis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 59:103678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103678","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"858","key":"14202_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adz6566","volume":"18","author":"K Bjornevik","year":"2026","unstructured":"Bjornevik K, Mahler JV, Bilodeau PA et al (2026) CD4+ T cells reactive to Epstein\u2013Barr virus late lytic antigens are enriched in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Sci Transl Med 18(858):eadz6566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.adz6566","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"14202_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4112","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.7.4112","volume":"178","author":"P Romero","year":"1950","unstructured":"Romero P, Zippelius A, Kurth I et al (1950) Four functionally distinct populations of human effector-memory CD8+ T lymphocytes. J Immunol 178(7):4112\u20134119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.178.7.4112","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"14202_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.03.008","volume":"64","author":"SM Restorick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Restorick SM, Durant L, Kalra S et al (2017) CCR6+ Th cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of persons with multiple sclerosis are dominated by pathogenic non-classic Th1 cells and GM-CSF-only-secreting Th cells. Brain Behav Immun 64:71\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.03.008","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"14202_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1200146","volume":"14","author":"K Berek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Berek K, Bauer A, Rudzki D et al (2023) Immune profiling in multiple sclerosis: a single-center study of 65 cytokines, chemokines, and related molecules in cerebrospinal fluid and serum. Front Immunol 14:1200146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1200146","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"14202_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.04.006","volume":"50","author":"J Komuczki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Komuczki J, Tuzlak S, Friebel E et al (2019) Fate-mapping of GM-CSF expression identifies a discrete subset of inflammation-driving T helper cells regulated by cytokines IL-23 and IL-1\u03b2. Immunity 50(5):1289\u20131304.e6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.04.006","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"14202_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104662","volume":"93","author":"A Bar-Or","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bar-Or A, Thanei GA, Harp C et al (2023) Blood neurofilament light levels predict non-relapsing progression following anti-CD20 therapy in relapsing and primary progressive multiple sclerosis: findings from the ocrelizumab randomised, double-blind phase 3 clinical trials. EBioMedicine 93:104662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104662","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"14202_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14070692","volume":"14","author":"FJ Barrero Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barrero Hern\u00e1ndez FJ, Romero Villarrubia A, Mu\u00f1oz Fern\u00e1ndez C et al (2024) Real-world study of serum neurofilament light chain levels in ocrelizumab-treated people with relapsing multiple sclerosis. J Pers Med 14(7):692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm14070692","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"14202_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii84","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.028316","volume":"63","author":"B Moser","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moser B, Willimann K (2004) Chemokines: role in inflammation and immune surveillance. Ann Rheum Dis 63(Suppl 2):ii84\u2013ii89. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.2004.028316","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-026-14202-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-026-14202-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-026-14202-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T22:55:42Z","timestamp":1792104942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-026-14202-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["14202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-026-14202-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 July 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"SDO, MPic, GG, AV, MPirr, AM, EO, SC, DFA, AI, EG, and GB report no disclosures; CT reports personal fees from Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Amgen and Alexion; CG has received fees as a speaker or as an advisory board member from Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Roche, Novartis, Sandoz, AstraZeneca, Viatris, Sanofi, Jansen, and Bristol-Myers Squibb; MS reports\u00a0Research support and speaking honoraria from Biogen, BMS, Horizon, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Viatris; LB received speaking honoraria and\/or research grants from Baxter, Biogen, Neuraxpharm, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Bristol, Janssen, Horizon, GSK, HIKMA, Amgen and Sanofi.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS (protocol CE\/PROG.692). Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical standard","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"664"}}