{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T07:01:29Z","timestamp":1792047689168,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]],"date-time":"2018-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544659200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-018-04209-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]],"date-time":"2018-12-13T01:10:29Z","timestamp":1544663429000},"page":"447-452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Interferon-\u03b1-induced retinopathy in chronic hepatitis C treatment: summary, considerations, and recommendations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"257","author":[{"given":"Zubir S.","family":"Rentiya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junun","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuan-Jen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An-Ning","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Turgeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed M.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7829-9776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafa","family":"Hanout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"4209_CR1","unstructured":"Isaacs A, Lindenmann J (2015) Pillars article: virus interference. I. The interferon. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1957. 147: 258\u2013267. J Immunol 195 (5):1911\u20131920"},{"issue":"28","key":"4209_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20047","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R700004200","volume":"282","author":"S Pestka","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pestka S (2007) The interferons: 50 years after their discovery, there is much more to learn. J Biol Chem 282(28):20047\u201320051. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.R700004200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"4209_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00716.x","volume":"8","author":"A Takaoka","year":"2006","unstructured":"Takaoka A, Yanai H (2006) Interferon signalling network in innate defence. Cell Microbiol 8(6):907\u2013922. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00716.x","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4209_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2992","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408824102","volume":"102","author":"K Li","year":"2005","unstructured":"Li K, Foy E, Ferreon JC, Nakamura M, Ferreon AC, Ikeda M, Ray SC, Gale M, Lemon SM (2005) Immune evasion by hepatitis C virus NS3\/4A protease-mediated cleavage of the Toll-like receptor 3 adaptor protein TRIF. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(8):2992\u20132997. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0408824102","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"15","key":"4209_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6001","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601523103","volume":"103","author":"YM Loo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Loo YM, Owen DM, Li K, Erickson AK, Johnson CL, Fish PM, Carney DS, Wang T, Ishida H, Yoneyama M, Fujita T, Saito T, Lee WM, Hagedorn CH, Lau CT, Weinman SA, Lemon SM, Gale M (2006) Viral and therapeutic control of IFN-beta promoter stimulator 1 during hepatitis C virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(15):6001\u20136006. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0601523103","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"7062","key":"4209_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04193","volume":"437","author":"E Meylan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Meylan E, Curran J, Hofmann K, Moradpour D, Binder M, Bartenschlager R, Tschopp J (2005) Cardif is an adaptor protein in the RIG-I antiviral pathway and is targeted by hepatitis C virus. Nature 437(7062):1167\u20131172. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature04193","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7053","key":"4209_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04078","volume":"436","author":"M Gale","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gale M, Foy EM (2005) Evasion of intracellular host defence by hepatitis C virus. Nature 436(7053):939\u2013945. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature04078","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"4209_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22070","volume":"47","author":"RT Chung","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chung RT, Gale M, Polyak SJ, Lemon SM, Liang TJ, Hoofnagle JH (2008) Mechanisms of action of interferon and ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C: summary of a workshop. Hepatology 47(1):306\u2013320. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.22070.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"7019","key":"4209_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03153","volume":"432","author":"NM Dixit","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dixit NM, Layden-Almer JE, Layden TJ, Perelson AS (2004) Modelling how ribavirin improves interferon response rates in hepatitis C virus infection. Nature 432(7019):922\u2013924. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature03153","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4209_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gschwantler M, Laferl H, Vogel W, Korak W, Moser S, Hofer H, Bauer B, Schleicher M, Bognar B, Bischof M, Stauber R, Maieron A, Ferenci P, Austrian Hepatitis Study Group (2017) Efficacy of peginterferon plus ribavirin in patients receiving opioid substitution therapy: final results of the Austrian PegHope study. Wien Klin Wochenschr. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00508-017-1263-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-017-1263-2"},{"key":"4209_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946201759067","volume":"59","author":"AV Grando","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grando AV, Ferreira PRA, Pess\u00f4a MG, Mazo DFC, Brand\u00e3o-Mello CE, Reuter T, Martinelli ALC, Gonzalez MP, Nastri ACS, Campos AF, Lopes MIBF, Brito JDU, Mendes-Corr\u00eaa MC (2017) Peginterferon still has a place in the treatment of hepatitis C caused by genotype 3 virus. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 59:e67. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1678-9946201759067","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"issue":"5","key":"4209_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S1499-3872(17)60044-4","volume":"16","author":"Y Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang Y, Li MH, Hou M, Xie Y (2017) Peginterferon alfa-2a for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in the era of direct-acting antivirals. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 16(5):470\u2013479. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1499-3872(17)60044-4","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int"},{"issue":"13","key":"4209_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020047","volume":"347","author":"MW Fried","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fried MW, Shiffman ML, Reddy KR, Smith C, Marinos G, Gon\u00e7ales FL, H\u00e4ussinger D, Diago M, Carosi G, Dhumeaux D, Craxi A, Lin A, Hoffman J, Yu J (2002) Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 347(13):975\u2013982. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa020047","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9286","key":"4209_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06102-5","volume":"358","author":"MP Manns","year":"2001","unstructured":"Manns MP, McHutchison JG, Gordon SC, Rustgi VK, Shiffman M, Reindollar R, Goodman JD, Koury K, Ling M, Albrecht JK (2001) Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomised trial. Lancet 358(9286):958\u2013965","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"4209_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-140-5-200403020-00010","volume":"140","author":"SJ Hadziyannis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hadziyannis SJ, Sette H, Morgan TR, Balan V, Diago M, Marcellin P, Ramadori G, Bodenheimer H, Bernstein D, Rizzetto M, Zeuzem S, Pockros PJ, Lin A, Ackrill AM, PEGASYS International Study Group (2004) Peginterferon-alpha2a and ribavirin combination therapy in chronic hepatitis C: a randomized study of treatment duration and ribavirin dose. Ann Intern Med 140(5):346\u2013355","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"4209_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-288","volume":"13","author":"YA Mohamoud","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mohamoud YA, Mumtaz GR, Riome S, Miller D, Abu-Raddad LJ (2013) The epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Egypt: a systematic review and data synthesis. BMC Infect Dis 13:288. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-13-288","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"4209_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.10.1171","volume":"85","author":"K Jain","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jain K, Lam WC, Waheeb S, Thai Q, Heathcote J (2001) Retinopathy in chronic hepatitis C patients during interferon treatment with ribavirin. Br J Ophthalmol 85(10):1171\u20131173","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4209_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.043968","volume":"88","author":"FM Cuthbertson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cuthbertson FM, Davies M, McKibbin M (2004) Is screening for interferon retinopathy in hepatitis C justified? Br J Ophthalmol 88(12):1518\u20131520. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.2004.043968.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"23","key":"4209_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3756","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i23.3756","volume":"12","author":"C Okuse","year":"2006","unstructured":"Okuse C, Yotsuyanagi H, Nagase Y, Kobayashi Y, Yasuda K, Koike K, Iino S, Suzuki M, Itoh F (2006) Risk factors for retinopathy associated with interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin combination therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. World J Gastroenterol 12(23):3756\u20133759","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"23","key":"4209_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7505","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i23.7505","volume":"20","author":"JH Xue","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xue JH, Zhu HH, Wang J, Chen Z (2014) Interferon-associated retinopathy risk in patients with diabetes and hypertensive hepatitis C. World J Gastroenterol 20(23):7505\u20137513. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v20.i23.7505","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4209_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25654","volume":"56","author":"S Vujosevic","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vujosevic S, Tempesta D, Noventa F, Midena E, Sebastiani G (2012) Pegylated interferon-associated retinopathy is frequent in hepatitis C virus patients with hypertension and justifies ophthalmologic screening. Hepatology 56(2):455\u2013463. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.25654","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"4209_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04071.x","volume":"30","author":"JD Panetta","year":"2009","unstructured":"Panetta JD, Gilani N (2009) Interferon-induced retinopathy and its risk in patients with diabetes and hypertension undergoing treatment for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 30(6):597\u2013602. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04071.x","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"4209_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4363","volume":"27","author":"CH Lai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lai CH et al (2018) Retinal vascular complications associated with interferon-ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C: a population-based study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 27(2):191\u2013198","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"4209_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2011.09.022","volume":"16","author":"YM Fouad","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fouad YM, Khalaf H, Ibraheem H, Rady H, Helmy AK (2012) Incidence and risk factors of retinopathy in Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C virus treated with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin. Int J Infect Dis 16(1):e67\u2013e71. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2011.09.022","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"4209_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2012.26.2.147","volume":"26","author":"HY Kang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kang HY, Shin MC (2012) Pegylated interferon-associated severe retinopathy in a patient with chronic hepatitis. Korean J Ophthalmol 26(2):147\u2013150","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4209_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1996.01100130718014","volume":"114","author":"H Nishiwaki","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nishiwaki H, Ogura Y, Miyamoto K, Matsuda N, Honda Y (1996) Interferon alfa induces leukocyte capillary trapping in rat retinal microcirculation. Arch Ophthalmol 114(6):726\u2013730","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4209_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960240406","volume":"24","author":"B Takase","year":"2001","unstructured":"Takase B, Uehata A, Fujioka T, Kondo T, Nishioka T, Isojima K, Satomura K, Ohsuzu F, Kurita A (2001) Endothelial dysfunction and decreased exercise tolerance in interferon-alpha therapy in chronic hepatitis C: relation between exercise hyperemia and endothelial function. Clin Cardiol 24(4):286\u2013290","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4209_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(05)80025-3","volume":"59","author":"B Takase","year":"2005","unstructured":"Takase B, Hamabe A, Uehata A, Hujioka T, Kondo T, Matsui T, Ohsuzu F, Ishihara M (2005) Recombinant interferon alpha treatment decreases heart rate variability indices and impairs exercise tolerance in patients with chronic hepatitis. Biomed Pharmacother 59(Suppl 1):S163\u2013S168","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"3","key":"4209_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1993.01090030068041","volume":"111","author":"DR Guyer","year":"1993","unstructured":"Guyer DR, Tiedeman J, Yannuzzi LA, Slakter JS, Parke D, Kelley J, Tang RA, Marmor M, Abrams G, Miller JW (1993) Interferon-associated retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 111(3):350\u2013356","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4209_CR30","unstructured":"Feroze KB, Wang J (2018) Retinopathy, interferon. In StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL)"},{"issue":"2","key":"4209_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.03.063","volume":"118","author":"FW Fraunfelder","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fraunfelder FW, Fraunfelder FT (2011) Interferon alfa-associated anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology 118(2):408\u2013411.e401\u2013402. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.03.063","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"4209_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e3181d8e4af","volume":"30","author":"KT Berg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Berg KT, Nelson B, Harrison AR, McLoon LK, Lee MS (2010) Pegylated interferon alpha-associated optic neuropathy. J Neuroophthalmol 30(2):117\u2013122. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNO.0b013e3181d8e4af","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4209_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1995.01100080093034","volume":"113","author":"VA Purvin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Purvin VA (1995) Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy secondary to interferon alfa. Arch Ophthalmol 113(8):1041\u20131044","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4209_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1159\/000323942","volume":"2","author":"BJ Bajaire","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bajaire BJ, Paipilla DF, Arrieta CE, Oudovitchenko E (2011) Mixed vascular occlusion in a patient with interferon-associated retinopathy. Case Rep Ophthalmol 2(1):23\u201329. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000323942","journal-title":"Case Rep Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"22","key":"4209_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i22.3137","volume":"13","author":"D Sene","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sene D, Touitou V, Bodaghi B, Saadoun D, Perlemuter G, Cassoux N, Piette JC, Hoang PL, Cacoub P (2007) Intraocular complications of IFN-alpha and ribavirin therapy in patients with chronic viral hepatitis C. World J Gastroenterol 13(22):3137\u20133140","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"45","key":"4209_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8227","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i45.8227","volume":"19","author":"R O\u2019Day","year":"2013","unstructured":"O\u2019Day R, Gillies MC, Ahlenstiel G (2013) Ophthalmologic complications of antiviral therapy in hepatitis C treatment. World J Gastroenterol 19(45):8227\u20138237. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v19.i45.8227","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4209_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000135897.30038.16","volume":"38","author":"RA Willson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Willson RA (2004) Visual side effects of pegylated interferon during therapy for chronic hepatitis C infection. J Clin Gastroenterol 38(8):717\u2013722","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00417-018-04209-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-018-04209-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-018-04209-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]],"date-time":"2019-12-12T19:11:09Z","timestamp":1576177869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00417-018-04209-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["4209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-018-04209-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0721-832X","1435-702X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0721-832X","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-702X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 July 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2018","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 November 2018","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 December 2018","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}