{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:45:53Z","timestamp":1789519553769,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]],"date-time":"2020-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597708800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]],"date-time":"2020-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mathilde Grant"},{"name":"Stichting Leids Oogheelkundig Ondersteuningsfonds"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010372","name":"Rotterdamse Stichting Blindenbelangen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010372","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016063","name":"UitZicht","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the clinical characteristics and outcome of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), also known as aneurysmal type 1 (sub-retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)) neovascularization, in Caucasian patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Single-centre study in 66 Caucasian patients with a diagnosis of PCV based on optical coherence tomography scan and indocyanine green angiography. Clinical characteristics and multimodal imaging were collected and assessed by an experienced retina specialist.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study involved 74 eyes of 66 patients with PCV, with a mean age at onset of 73\u00a0years and a female preponderance of 66%. The mean number of polypoidal lesions per eye was 1 (range: 1\u20135 lesions), out of which 75% was located in the macula and 19% in the peripapillary region. Of the 74 eyes, 37 eyes (50%) had PCV associated with a drusenoidal neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) phenotype (PCV-AMD) and 18 eyes (24%) had PCV associated with non-polypoidal type 1 choroidal neovascularization\/branching vascular network (PCV-BVN) without signs of drusenoidal AMD, while 19 eyes (26%) had idiopathic, isolated PCV (iPCV). The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness measured in 22 patients was 245\u00a0\u03bcm (range: 71\u2013420\u00a0\u03bcm). In 51% of patients, the initially performed therapy showed good anatomical recovery (resolution of intra- and subretinal fluid).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A spectrum of PCV (aneurysmal type 1\/sub-RPE neovascularization) can be seen in Caucasian patients. PCV associated with a drusenoidal neovascular AMD phenotype in Caucasians is phenotypically and presumably pathophysiologically more associated with neovascular AMD (PCV-AMD: type A PCV). However, this may not be the case for patients with PCV with non-polypoidal type 1 choroidal neovascularization or BVN and no signs of drusenoidal AMD (PCV-BVN: type B PCV), and for patients with idiopathic PCV without associated drusen or BVN (iPCV; type C PCV). Most patients have a thin choroid, even when drusen are absent. For the entire patient group, a moderate anatomical recovery was observed after treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04844-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]],"date-time":"2020-08-18T16:03:14Z","timestamp":1597766594000},"page":"351-361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The spectrum of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Caucasians: clinical characteristics and proposal of a classification"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"259","author":[{"given":"Elon H. C.","family":"van Dijk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danial","family":"Mohabati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Veselinovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wing H.","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greet","family":"Dijkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camiel J. F.","family":"Boon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"4844_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-199010010-00001","volume":"10","author":"LA Yannuzzi","year":"1990","unstructured":"Yannuzzi LA, Sorenson J, Spaide RF, Lipson B (1990) Idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (Ipcv). Retina 10:1\u20138","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"4844_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1997.01100150480005","volume":"115","author":"LA Yannuzzi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Yannuzzi LA, Ciardella A, Spaide RF, Rabb M, Freund KB, Orlock DA (1997) The expanding clinical spectrum of idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 115:478\u2013485","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4844_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/iae.0000000000000774","volume":"36","author":"C Balaratnasingam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Balaratnasingam C, Lee WK, Koizumi H, Dansingani K, Inoue M, Freund KB (2016) Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: a distinct disease or manifestation of many? Retina 36:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/iae.0000000000000774","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"4844_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13114","volume":"46","author":"KK Dansingani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dansingani KK, Gal-Or O, Sadda SR, Yannuzzi LA, Freund KB (2018) Understanding aneurysmal type 1 neovascularization (polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy): a lesson in the taxonomy of 'expanded spectra' - a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 46:189\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ceo.13114","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4844_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Spaide RF, Jaffe GJ, Sarraf D, Freund KB, Sadda SR, Staurenghi G, Waheed NK, Chakravarthy U, Rosenfeld PJ, Holz FG, Souied EH, Cohen SY, Querques G, Ohno-Matsui K, Boyer D, Gaudric A, Blodi B, Baumal CR, Li X, Coscas GJ, Brucker A, Singerman L, Luthert P, Schmitz-Valckenberg S, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Grossniklaus HE, Wilson DJ, Guymer R, Yannuzzi LA, Chew EY, Csaky K, Mones JM, Pauleikhoff D, Tadayoni R, Fujimoto J (2019) Consensus nomenclature for reporting neovascular age-related macular degeneration Data: Consensus on Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Nomenclature Study Group. Ophthalmology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.11.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.11.004"},{"key":"4844_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.11.019","volume":"125","author":"CMG Cheung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cheung CMG, Lai TYY, Ruamviboonsuk P, Chen SJ, Chen Y, Freund KB, Gomi F, Koh AH, Lee WK, Wong TY (2018) Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: definition, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Ophthalmology 125:708\u2013724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.11.019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"4844_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3187","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-16236","volume":"56","author":"G Coscas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Coscas G, Lupidi M, Coscas F, Benjelloun F, Zerbib J, Dirani A, Semoun O, Souied EH (2015) Toward a specific classification of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: idiopathic disease or subtype of age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 56:3187\u20133195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.14-16236","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"000503834","key":"4844_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000503834","volume":"10.1159","author":"GT Kokame","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kokame GT, Liu K, Kokame KA, Kaneko KN, Omizo JN (2019) Clinical characteristics of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment response in Caucasians. Ophthalmologica 10.1159(000503834):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000503834","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"4844_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chang YC, Cheng CK (2019) Difference between pachychoroid and nonpachychoroid polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and their response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy. Retina. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/iae.0000000000002583","DOI":"10.1097\/iae.0000000000002583"},{"key":"4844_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2016.04.002","volume":"53","author":"CW Wong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wong CW, Yanagi Y, Lee WK, Ogura Y, Yeo I, Wong TY, Cheung CM (2016) Age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Asians. Prog Retin Eye Res 53:107\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2016.04.002","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"4844_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181e7976b","volume":"30","author":"KB Freund","year":"2010","unstructured":"Freund KB, Zweifel SA, Engelbert M (2010) Do we need a new classification for choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration? Retina 30:1333\u20131349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181e7976b","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"4844_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.03.047","volume":"144","author":"I Maruko","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maruko I, Iida T, Saito M, Nagayama D, Saito K (2007) Clinical characteristics of exudative age-related macular degeneration in Japanese patients. Am J Ophthalmol 144:15\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.03.047","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4844_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.10.1392","volume":"121","author":"K Sho","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sho K, Takahashi K, Yamada H, Wada M, Nagai Y, Otsuji T, Nishikawa M, Mitsuma Y, Yamazaki Y, Matsumura M, Uyama M (2003) Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: incidence, demographic features, and clinical characteristics. Arch Ophthalmol 121:1392\u20131396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.121.10.1392","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4844_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1007\/s004170000180","volume":"238","author":"BA Lafaut","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lafaut BA, Leys AM, Snyers B, Rasquin F, De Laey JJ (2000) Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Caucasians. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 238:752\u2013759","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4844_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1097\/iae.0000000000001872","volume":"38","author":"TD Lorentzen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lorentzen TD, Subhi Y, Sorensen TL (2018) Prevalence of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in white patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration: systematic review and meta-analysis. Retina 38:2363\u20132371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/iae.0000000000001872","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"4844_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.018","volume":"3","author":"GT Kokame","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kokame GT, deCarlo TE, Kaneko KN, Omizo JN, Lian R (2019) Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor resistance in exudative macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Ophthalmol Retina 3:744\u2013752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.018","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"4844_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.05.004","volume":"158","author":"G Coscas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Coscas G, Yamashiro K, Coscas F, De Benedetto U, Tsujikawa A, Miyake M, Gemmy Cheung CM, Wong TY, Yoshimura N (2014) Comparison of exudative age-related macular degeneration subtypes in Japanese and French patients: multicenter diagnosis with multimodal imaging. Am J Ophthalmol 158:309\u2013318.e302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.05.004","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4844_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(05)80092-X","volume":"39","author":"AC Bird","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bird AC, Bressler NM, Bressler SB, Chisholm IH, Coscas G, Davis MD, de Jong PT, Klaver CC, Klein BE, Klein R et al (1995) An international classification and grading system for age-related Maculopathy and age-related macular degeneration. The International Arm Epidemiological Study Group. Surv Ophthalmol 39:367\u2013374","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4844_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2147\/opth.s122568","volume":"11","author":"WH Chung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chung WH, van Dijk EH, Mohabati D, Dijkman G, Yzer S, de Jong EK, Fauser S, Schlingemann RO, Hoyng CB, Boon CJ (2017) Neovascular age-related macular degeneration without drusen in the fellow eye: clinical spectrum and therapeutic outcome. Clin Ophthalmol 11:63\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/opth.s122568","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4844_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2010.03.004","volume":"55","author":"Y Imamura","year":"2010","unstructured":"Imamura Y, Engelbert M, Iida T, Freund KB, Yannuzzi LA (2010) Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: a review. Surv Ophthalmol 55:501\u2013515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2010.03.004","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"4844_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2000.186","volume":"14","author":"PL Lip","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lip PL, Hope-Ross MW, Gibson JM (2000) Idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: a disease with diverse clinical spectrum and systemic associations. Eye (Lond) 14(Pt 5):695\u2013700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.2000.186","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"4844_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1097\/iae.0000000000000206","volume":"34","author":"SJ Davis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Davis SJ, Lauer AK, Flaxel CJ (2014) Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in white patients. Retina 34:2185\u20132191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/iae.0000000000000206","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"4844_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0168-2","volume":"32","author":"EI Agorogiannis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Agorogiannis EI, Pearce IA, Yadav S, Parry DG, Beare NAV (2018) Clinical outcomes in Caucasian patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Eye (Lond) 32:1731\u20131739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-018-0168-2","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"4844_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31824f91e8","volume":"32","author":"A Koh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koh A, Lee WK, Chen LJ, Chen SJ, Hashad Y, Kim H, Lai TY, Pilz S, Ruamviboonsuk P, Tokaji E, Weisberger A, Lim TH (2012) Everest study: efficacy and safety of verteporfin photodynamic therapy in combination with ranibizumab or alone versus ranibizumab monotherapy in patients with symptomatic macular polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Retina 32:1453\u20131464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31824f91e8","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"4844_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182852446","volume":"33","author":"AH Koh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Koh AH, Chen LJ, Chen SJ, Chen Y, Giridhar A, Iida T, Kim H, Yuk Yau Lai T, Lee WK, Li X, Han Lim T, Ruamviboonsuk P, Sharma T, Tang S, Yuzawa M (2013) Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: evidence-based guidelines for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Retina 33:686\u2013716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182852446","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"4844_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1097\/iae.0000000000000255","volume":"34","author":"CM Cheung","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cheung CM, Lai TY, Chen SJ, Chong V, Lee WK, Htoon H, Ng WY, Ogura Y, Wong TY (2014) Understanding Indocyanine green angiography in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: the group experience with digital fundus photography and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Retina 34:2397\u20132406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/iae.0000000000000255","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"4844_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181884fbf","volume":"29","author":"Y Ojima","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ojima Y, Hangai M, Sakamoto A, Tsujikawa A, Otani A, Tamura H, Yoshimura N (2009) Improved visualization of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy lesions using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Retina 29:52\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181884fbf","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"4844_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1097\/01.iae.0000249386.63482.05","volume":"27","author":"T Sato","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sato T, Kishi S, Watanabe G, Matsumoto H, Mukai R (2007) Tomographic features of branching vascular networks in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Retina 27:589\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.iae.0000249386.63482.05","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"4844_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e318188c839","volume":"29","author":"P Cackett","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cackett P, Wong D, Yeo I (2009) A classification system for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Retina 29:187\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IAE.0b013e318188c839","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"4844_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.049296","volume":"89","author":"M Yuzawa","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yuzawa M, Mori R, Kawamura A (2005) The origins of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 89:602\u2013607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.2004.049296","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4844_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/iae.0000000000000287","volume":"35","author":"M Lehmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lehmann M, Bousquet E, Beydoun T, Behar-Cohen F (2015) Pachychoroid: an inherited condition? Retina 35:10\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/iae.0000000000000287","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"4844_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.117.8.1035","volume":"117","author":"M Uyama","year":"1999","unstructured":"Uyama M, Matsubara T, Fukushima I, Matsunaga H, Iwashita K, Nagai Y, Takahashi K (1999) Idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Japanese patients. Arch Ophthalmol 117:1035\u20131042","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4844_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01404-6","volume":"133","author":"M Uyama","year":"2002","unstructured":"Uyama M, Wada M, Nagai Y, Matsubara T, Matsunaga H, Fukushima I, Takahashi K, Matsumura M (2002) Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: natural history. Am J Ophthalmol 133:639\u2013648","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4844_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.8.892","volume":"86","author":"AK Kwok","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kwok AK, Lai TY, Chan CW, Neoh EL, Lam DS (2002) Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Chinese patients. Br J Ophthalmol 86:892\u2013897","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4844_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-003-0667-z","volume":"242","author":"F Wen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wen F, Chen C, Wu D, Li H (2004) Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in elderly Chinese patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 242:625\u2013629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-003-0667-z","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4844_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1159\/000439359","volume":"234","author":"FB Pereira","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pereira FB, Veloso CE, Kokame GT, Nehemy MB (2015) Characteristics of neovascular age-related macular degeneration in Brazilian patients. Ophthalmologica 234:233\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000439359","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"4844_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.4.529","volume":"124","author":"CA Augood","year":"2006","unstructured":"Augood CA, Vingerling JR, de Jong PT, Chakravarthy U, Seland J, Soubrane G, Tomazzoli L, Topouzis F, Bentham G, Rahu M, Vioque J, Young IS, Fletcher AE (2006) Prevalence of age-related Maculopathy in older Europeans: the European Eye Study (Eureye). Arch Ophthalmol 124:529\u2013535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.124.4.529","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4844_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.03.016","volume":"119","author":"MG Erke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Erke MG, Bertelsen G, Peto T, Sjolie AK, Lindekleiv H, Njolstad I (2012) Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in elderly Caucasians: the Tromso Eye Study. Ophthalmology 119:1737\u20131743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.03.016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"4844_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.07.006","volume":"158","author":"JJ Jung","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jung JJ, Chen CY, Mrejen S, Gallego-Pinazo R, Xu L, Marsiglia M, Boddu S, Freund KB (2014) The incidence of neovascular subtypes in newly diagnosed neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 158:769\u2013779.e762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.07.006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4844_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2009.301","volume":"24","author":"S George","year":"2010","unstructured":"George S, Cooke C, Chakravarthy U (2010) Exudative Amd subtypes and eligibility for treatment with Ranibizumab. Eye (Lond) 24:1247\u20131251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.2009.301","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"4844_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1097\/iae.0000000000001732","volume":"38","author":"RF Spaide","year":"2018","unstructured":"Spaide RF (2018) Improving the age-related macular degeneration construct: a new classification system. Retina 38:891\u2013899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/iae.0000000000001732","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"4844_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.10.036","volume":"120","author":"FL Ferris 3rd","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ferris FL 3rd, Wilkinson CP, Bird A, Chakravarthy U, Chew E, Csaky K, Sadda SR (2013) Clinical classification of age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 120:844\u2013851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.10.036","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"4844_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0158-4","volume":"33","author":"CMG Cheung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cheung CMG, Lee WK, Koizumi H, Dansingani K, Lai TYY, Freund KB (2019) Pachychoroid disease. Eye (Lond) 33:14\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-018-0158-4","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"4844_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.09.026","volume":"122","author":"EK de Jong","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Jong EK, Breukink MB, Schellevis RL, Bakker B, Mohr JK, Fauser S, Keunen JE, Hoyng CB, den Hollander AI, Boon CJ (2015) Chronic central serous chorioretinopathy is associated with genetic variants implicated in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 122:562\u2013570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.09.026","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"4844_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0180312","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180312","volume":"12","author":"EHC van Dijk","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Dijk EHC, Tsonaka R, Klar-Mohamad N, Wouters D, de Vries APJ, de Jong EK, van Kooten C, Boon CJF (2017) Systemic complement activation in central serous chorioretinopathy. PLoS One 12:e0180312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0180312","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4844_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.05.012","volume":"122","author":"L Ma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ma L, Li Z, Liu K, Rong SS, Brelen ME, Young AL, Kumaramanickavel G, Pang CP, Chen H, Chen LJ (2015) Association of genetic variants with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: a systematic review and updated meta-analysis. Ophthalmology 122:1854\u20131865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.05.012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"4844_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3109\/13816810.2012.749288","volume":"34","author":"A Miki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Miki A, Honda S, Kondo N, Negi A (2013) The Association of age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (Arms2) and complement factor H (Cfh) variants with two angiographic subtypes of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Ophthalmic Genet 34:146\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/13816810.2012.749288","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Genet"},{"key":"4844_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7441","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7546","volume":"52","author":"K Tanaka","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tanaka K, Nakayama T, Mori R, Sato N, Kawamura A, Mizutani Y, Yuzawa M (2011) Associations of complement factor H (Cfh) and age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (Arms2) genotypes with subtypes of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52:7441\u20137444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.11-7546","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"4844_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.10.001","volume":"29","author":"A Laude","year":"2010","unstructured":"Laude A, Cackett PD, Vithana EN, Yeo IY, Wong D, Koh AH, Wong TY, Aung T (2010) Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and neovascular age-related macular degeneration: same or different disease? Prog Retin Eye Res 29:19\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.10.001","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"4844_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1097\/iae.0000000000000881","volume":"35","author":"RF Spaide","year":"2015","unstructured":"Spaide RF, Fujimoto JG, Waheed NK (2015) Optical coherence tomography angiography. Retina 35:2161\u20132162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/iae.0000000000000881","journal-title":"Retina"}],"container-title":["Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-020-04844-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00417-020-04844-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-020-04844-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T19:47:41Z","timestamp":1629229661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00417-020-04844-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["4844"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-020-04844-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0721-832X","1435-702X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0721-832X","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-702X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 July 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2020","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All procedures performed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}