{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:04:49Z","timestamp":1787241889924,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602720000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bayer Consumer Care AG"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The term \u201cpachychoroid\u201d refers to a newly described phenotype in which functional and structural choroidal changes are thought to play a key pathogenic role in a spectrum of related retinal disorders. A more detailed understanding of how the choroid is involved within this spectrum and a better knowledge of the most relevant clinical signs of the pachychoroid phenotype are important to differentiate these disorders from other retinal conditions. Our objectives are to provide a literature review of pachychoroid and the commonalities that may be present across pathologies included in the spectrum, and to provide details on the examination, monitoring, and management of these disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched the PubMed web platform to identify relevant studies using the following keywords: pachychoroid, pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy, pachychoroid neovasculopathy, aneurysmal type 1 neovascularization, focal choroidal excavation, peripapillary pachychoroid syndrome, vasculopathy pachysclera, pachychoroid geographic atrophy, and pachydrusen. We selected 157 publications and identified the most important features related to pachychoroid.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The presence of hypertrophic or congested vessels in the choroid, not thickened choroid per se, under an area of reduced or absent choriocapillaris in the posterior pole seems to be the most salient feature of pachychoroid. However, other qualitative\/quantitative features are needed to differentiate the uncomplicated pachychoroid from the pathological pachychoroid clinical spectrum, which may be associated with exudation, neovascularization, and\/or retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor atrophy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The most salient feature of pachychoroid appears to be the presence of large vessels under an area of reduced or absent choriocapillaris. Knowledge of the features and pathogenesis of the different disorders in the pachychoroid spectrum may assist in the management of patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04940-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T03:02:55Z","timestamp":1602730975000},"page":"1385-1400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Pachychoroid: current concepts on clinical features and pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"259","author":[{"given":"Veronica","family":"Castro-Navarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francine","family":"Behar-Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woohyok","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia M.","family":"Joussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy Y. 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Francine Behar-Cohen reports a research grant from Novartis and consultancy fees from Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Allergan, Novartis, and Boehringer Ingelheim. Woohyok Chang has received honorarium for consultancy and lecture fees from Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals and Novartis. Antonia Joussen reports personal fees from Novartis, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Allergan, and Boehringer Ingelheim, as well as grants from Novartis and Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals. Timothy Y. Y. Lai has received honoraria for consultancy and lecture fees from Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, and Roche. Rafael Navarro has received honoraria for consultancy and lecture fees from Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals and Allergan. Ian Pearce has received consultancy, travel, and speaker fees from Allergan, Bayer, Novartis, and Roche. Yasuo Yanagi reports personal fees from Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals. He has also received personal fees and grants from Santen Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Japan), Novartis Pharma KK, and Senju Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and grants from Santen Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Alcon Pharma KK (Japan). Annabelle A. Okada reports personal fees from AbbVie Japan, Inc., grants and personal fees from Alcon Pharma KK (Japan), personal fees from Astellas Japan, personal fees from Bayer AG, grants and personal fees from Bayer Yakuhin Ltd. (Japan), personal fees from Daiichi-Sankyo, grants and personal fees from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, personal fees from Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and grants and personal fees from Santen Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Japan).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Therefore, informed consent was not required for this analysis.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}