{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:34:03Z","timestamp":1791354843389,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To investigate the dependence of the ciliary body length (CBL) on the axial length (AL) and to draw conclusions on implications regarding safe pars plana access for intravitreal injections and vitreoretinal surgery.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 200 individuals (mean age 42\u00a0years, SD \u00b1\u200915.4) were enrolled in the study. Objective refraction and AL were obtained. Spherical equivalent (SE) was calculated. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT) was used to image and measure the CBL.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The mean SE was \u2212\u20091.64\u00a0diopters (SD \u00b1\u20093.15, range \u2212\u200914.5 to +\u20099 diopters) and the mean AL was 24.19\u00a0mm (SD \u00b1\u20091.65, range 19.8\u201332.2\u00a0mm). There was a significant correlation between SE and AL (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.62, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Mean CBL correlated significantly with age (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.11, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), AL (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.23, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and SE (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.25, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). The mean CBL was 3351\u00a0\u03bcm (SD \u00b1\u2009459, range 2184\u20134451\u00a0\u03bcm). Three separate groups were defined by their AL with a normal AL group (AL 22.5 to 25\u00a0mm), a short AL group (AL &lt;\u200922.5\u00a0mm) and a long AL group (AL &gt;\u200925\u00a0mm). The mean CBL in the normal AL group was 3311\u00a0\u03bcm (SD \u00b1\u2009427), in the short AL group 2936\u00a0\u03bcm (SD \u00b1\u2009335) and in the long AL group 3715\u00a0\u03bcm (SD \u00b1\u2009365), and differed significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) when compared.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>For interventions requiring pars plana access (as an intravitreal injection or vitreoretinal surgery), an incision distance of 3.5\u20134.0\u00a0mm posterior to the limbus is recommended. In our research, however, a difference of 0.77\u00a0mm in mean CBL between the group with short AL and the group with long AL is demonstrated, implying that the mean CBL in very short and very long eyes differs significantly. These findings suggest that the AL should be taken into account for pars plana access and that it would be advisable to prefer the shorter or longer recommended distance (3.5 and 4.0\u00a0mm, respectively) from the limbus, which correlates with the AL. If AL is &gt;\u200925\u00a0mm, a distance of 4.0\u00a0mm from the limbus should be chosen; and if AL is &lt;\u200922.5\u00a0mm, a distance of 3.5\u00a0mm seems adequate.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Trial registration number and date<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>NCT00564291, 27 Nov 2007<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04967-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T05:02:48Z","timestamp":1603083768000},"page":"1435-1441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Ciliary body length revisited by anterior segment optical coherence tomography: implications for safe access to the pars plana for intravitreal injections"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"259","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3257-3757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel-Benjamin","family":"Lincke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salome","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joao","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3447-2359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin S.","family":"Zinkernagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaspar","family":"Schuerch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"4967_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-2590(05)10005-6","volume":"10","author":"NA Delamere","year":"2005","unstructured":"Delamere NA (2005) Ciliary body and ciliary epithelium. 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No identifying information is available in the article.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"No custom-coded software was used for the analysis of the data. For statistical analysis, Prism 8 (GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA) was used.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}}]}}