{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T20:52:06Z","timestamp":1793393526036,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609891200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To investigate the characteristics of eyes with dry eye disease (DED) whose lipid layer thickness (LLT) measured 100 nm on a LipiView II interferometer and compare the DED parameters of them to those with LLT below 100 nm.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 201 eyes of 102 enrolled DED patients (mean age 56.4 \u00b1 11.8 years) were classified into 3 groups according to their average LLT; &lt; 60 nm as thin-LLT (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 49), 60\u201399 nm as normal-LLT (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 77), and 100 nm as thick-LLT (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 75). LLT, meiboscore, Schirmer <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic> test, tear film break-up time (TBUT), ocular surface staining (OSS), and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The OSS and TBUT were significantly worse in the thick-LLT group than in the normal-LLT group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.020, and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.028, respectively). The OSDI was significantly higher in the thick-LLT group than in the thin-LLT group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.006). However, the meiboscore was not different among the three groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.33). Age, OSS, and OSDI showed a positive correlation with LLT (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.16, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.023; <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.213, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.003; and <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.338, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001, respectively). In sensitivity analyses, eyes with corneal erosions had a significantly higher average LLT (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.015), higher OSDI (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.009), shorter TBUT (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), and shorter Schirmer <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic> value (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.024) than those with clear corneas.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The average LLT of eyes with corneal erosions was thicker than those without erosions, suggesting that the LLT of 100 nm in the eyes with corneal erosions should not be regarded as a stable physiologic condition. Cautious interpretation of LLT along with other dry eye parameters is required.<\/jats:p>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-05044-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T17:26:21Z","timestamp":1609953981000},"page":"1235-1241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Characteristics of dry eye patients with thick tear film lipid layers evaluated by a LipiView II interferometer"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"259","author":[{"given":"Yunjin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joon Young","family":"Hyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0733-3871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun Sun","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"5044_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997d","volume":"52","author":"KB Green-Church","year":"2011","unstructured":"Green-Church KB, Butovich I, Willcox M, Borchman D, Paulsen F, Barabino S, Glasgow BJ (2011) The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the subcommittee on tear film lipids and lipid\u2013protein interactions in health and disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52:1979\u20131993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.10-6997d","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"5044_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1080\/02713680802018419","volume":"33","author":"IA Butovich","year":"2008","unstructured":"Butovich IA, Millar TJ, Ham BM (2008) Understanding and analyzing meibomian lipids\u2014a review. Curr Eye Res 33:405\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02713680802018419","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"5044_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997c","volume":"52","author":"E Knop","year":"2011","unstructured":"Knop E, Knop N, Millar T, Obata H, Sullivan DA (2011) The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the subcommittee on anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the meibomian gland. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52:1938\u20131978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.10-6997c","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"5044_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2007.04.009","volume":"52","author":"GN Foulks","year":"2007","unstructured":"Foulks GN (2007) The correlation between the tear film lipid layer and dry eye disease. Surv Ophthalmol 52:369\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2007.04.009","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5044_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199701000-00014","volume":"74","author":"JP Craig","year":"1997","unstructured":"Craig JP, Tomlinson A (1997) Importance of the lipid layer in human tear film stability and evaporation. Optom Vis Sci 74:8\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006324-199701000-00014","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"5044_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318191b870","volume":"28","author":"CA Blackie","year":"2009","unstructured":"Blackie CA, Solomon JD, Scaffidi RC, Greiner JV, Lemp MA, Korb DR (2009) The relationship between dry eye symptoms and lipid layer thickness. Cornea 28:789\u2013794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318191b870","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"5044_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3182a7f3e1","volume":"32","author":"D Finis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Finis D, Pischel N, Schrader S, Geerling G (2013) Evaluation of lipid layer thickness measurement of the tear film as a diagnostic tool for Meibomian gland dysfunction. Cornea 32:1549\u20131553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3182a7f3e1","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"5044_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/s1542-0124(12)70081-2","volume":"5","author":"MA Lemp","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lemp MA, Foulks GN (2007) The definition and classification of dry eye disease. Ocul Surf 5:75\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1542-0124(12)70081-2","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"5044_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.06.031","volume":"115","author":"R Arita","year":"2008","unstructured":"Arita R, Itoh K, Inoue K, Amano S (2008) Noncontact infrared meibography to document age-related changes of the meibomian glands in a normal population. Ophthalmology 115:911\u2013915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.06.031","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"5044_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4831","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20109","volume":"57","author":"HS Jeon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jeon HS, Youn SW, Jeon HE, Kim JH, Hyon JY (2016) Assessment of transepidermal water loss from the ocular area in dry eye disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 57:4831\u20134836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.16-20109","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"5044_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000161","volume":"33","author":"HS Hwang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hwang HS, Kim EC, Kim MSJC (2014) Novel tear interferometer made of paper for lipid layer evaluation. Cornea 33:826\u2013831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000161","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"5044_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.01.008","volume":"155","author":"Y Eom","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eom Y, Lee J-S, Kang S-Y, Kim HM, Song J-S (2013) Correlation between quantitative measurements of tear film lipid layer thickness and meibomian gland loss in patients with obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction and normal controls. Am J Ophthalmol 155:1104\u20131110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.01.008","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5044_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700224","volume":"17","author":"M Isreb","year":"2003","unstructured":"Isreb M, Greiner J, Korb D, Glonek T, Mody S, Finnemore V, Reddy CV (2003) Correlation of lipid layer thickness measurements with fluorescein tear film break-up time and Schirmer\u2019s test. Eye (Lond) 17:79\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.eye.6700224","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"5044_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.116.7.849","volume":"116","author":"WE Shine","year":"1998","unstructured":"Shine WE, McCulley JP (1998) Keratoconjunctivitis sicca associated with meibomian secretion polar lipid abnormality. Arch Ophthalmol 116:849\u2013852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.116.7.849","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5044_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4387","volume":"51","author":"PE King-Smith","year":"2010","unstructured":"King-Smith PE, Hinel EA, Nichols JJ (2010) Application of a novel interferometric method to investigate the relation between lipid layer thickness and tear film thinning. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51:2418\u20132423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.09-4387","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"5044_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4076","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19251","volume":"57","author":"JW Jung","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jung JW, Park SY, Kim JS, Kim EK, Seo KY, Kim TI (2016) Analysis of factors associated with the tear film lipid layer thickness in normal eyes and patients with dry eye syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 57:4076\u20134083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.16-19251","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"5044_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.12.018","volume":"122","author":"R Arita","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arita R, Morishige N, Koh S, Shirakawa R, Kawashima M, Sakimoto T, Suzuki T, Tsubota K (2015) Increased tear fluid production as a compensatory response to meibomian gland loss: a multicenter cross-sectional study. Ophthalmology 122:925\u2013933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.12.018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"5044_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.08.010","volume":"117","author":"DF Sweeney","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sweeney DF, Millar TJ, Raju SR (2013) Tear film stability: a review. Exp Eye Res 117:28\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2013.08.010","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"5044_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2010.03.002","volume":"33","author":"M Guillon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guillon M, Ma\u00efssa C (2010) Tear film evaporation\u2014effect of age and gender. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 33:171\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clae.2010.03.002","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"5044_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2003.09.019","volume":"78","author":"AJ Bron","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bron AJ, Tiffany JM, Gouveia SM, Yokoi N, Voon LW (2004) Functional aspects of the tear film lipid layer. Exp Eye Res 78:347\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2003.09.019","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"5044_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4874","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.12.7072","volume":"85","author":"KL Krenzer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Krenzer KL, Dana MR, Ullman MD, Cermak JM, Tolls DB, Evans JE, Sullivan DA (2000) Effect of androgen deficiency on the human meibomian gland and ocular surface. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:4874\u20134882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.85.12.7072","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"5044_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.84.1.76","volume":"84","author":"EM Rocha","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rocha EM, Wickham LA, da Silveira LA, Krenzer KL, Yu FS, Toda I, Sullivan BD, Sullivan DA (2000) Identification of androgen receptor protein and 5alpha-reductase mRNA in human ocular tissues. Br J Ophthalmol 84:76\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.84.1.76","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5044_CR23","first-page":"3732","volume":"41","author":"DA Sullivan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sullivan DA, Sullivan BD, Ullman MD, Rocha EM, Krenzer KL, Cermak JM, Toda I, Doane MG, Evans JE, Wickham LA (2000) Androgen influence on the meibomian gland. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:3732\u20133742","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"5044_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2000.078002146.x","volume":"78","author":"LA Wickham","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wickham LA, Gao J, Toda I, Rocha EM, Ono M, Sullivan DA (2000) Identification of androgen, estrogen and progesterone receptor mRNAs in the eye. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 78:146\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2000.078002146.x","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"5044_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3109\/00365518009091527","volume":"40","author":"A Wirth","year":"1980","unstructured":"Wirth A, Heuck CC, Holm G, Bj\u00f6rntorp P (1980) Changes in the composition of fatty acids of total lipids in various tissues and serum due to physical training and food restriction in the rat. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 40:55\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00365518009091527","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"5044_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689308999470","volume":"12","author":"C Chew","year":"1993","unstructured":"Chew C, Jansweijer C, Tiffany J, Dikstein S, Bron AJ (1993) An instrument for quantifying meibomian lipid on the lid margin: the Meibometer. Curr Eye Res 12:247\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/02713689308999470","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"5044_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.12.006","volume":"200","author":"MY Adil","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adil MY, Xiao J, Olafsson J, Chen X, Lagali NS, R\u00e6der S, Utheim \u00d8A, Dartt DA, Utheim TP (2019) Meibomian gland morphology is a sensitive early indicator of Meibomian gland dysfunction. Am J Ophthalmol 200:16\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.12.006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5044_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.3341\/jkos.2017.58.7.788","volume":"58","author":"RY Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim RY, Na KS, Park YL, Kim HS (2017) Correlation analysis of tear film lipid layer thickness and ocular surface disease index. J Korean Ophthalmic Soc 58:788\u2013796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3341\/jkos.2017.58.7.788","journal-title":"J Korean Ophthalmic Soc"}],"container-title":["Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-020-05044-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00417-020-05044-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-020-05044-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T04:14:53Z","timestamp":1620274493000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00417-020-05044-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["5044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-020-05044-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0721-832X","1435-702X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0721-832X","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-702X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 November 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the institutional review board (IRB) of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (IRB identification number: B-2003-601-106) and was conducted as per the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The requirement of informed consent was waived by the review board.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}}]}}