{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:33:37Z","timestamp":1789605217178,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]],"date-time":"2021-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622246400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]],"date-time":"2021-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medizinische Fakult\u00e4t Mannheim der Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Various molecules such as dopamine have been found to be associated with axial elongation in experimental studies. Here, we examined whether intraocular EGF is associated with axial length in myopic patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The hospital-based investigation included patients of European descent without optic nerve, retinal, or macular diseases except for myopic maculopathy. Using aqueous humor samples collected during surgery, the EGF concentration was examined applying a cytometric bead array. High myopia was defined by an axial length of\u2009\u2265\u200927.0\u00a0mm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included a non-highly myopic group of 11 patients (mean age, 72.9\u2009\u00b1\u200910.8\u00a0years; mean axial length, 24.3\u2009\u00b1\u20091.1\u00a0mm) and a highly myopic group of three patients (age, 81.11\u2009\u00b1\u200912.3\u00a0years; axial length, 29.5\u2009\u00b1\u20091.3\u00a0mm), with one of them having pathologic myopic maculopathy. In multivariable linear regression analysis, higher EGF concentration was correlated with the highly myopic versus non-highly myopic group (beta, 1.24; non-standardized correlation coefficient B, 6.24; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.10,12.4;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.047) after adjusting for axial length. The amount of intraocular EGF was significantly higher in the highly myopic group than in the non-highly myopic group (89.1\u2009\u00b1\u200940.8\u00a0pg versus 34.1\u2009\u00b1\u200913.2\u00a0pg;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005), and it was highest in the eye with myopic maculopathy (135\u00a0pg).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The intraocular amount of EGF is higher in highly myopic versus non-highly myopic eyes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05200-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]],"date-time":"2021-05-29T07:10:12Z","timestamp":1622272212000},"page":"3229-3234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Intraocular epidermal growth factor concentration, axial length, and high axial myopia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"259","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2972-5227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jost B.","family":"Jonas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi","family":"Da Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Neumaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Findeisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songhomitra","family":"Panda-Jonas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul A.","family":"Jonas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"5200_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60272-4","volume":"379","author":"IG Morgan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Morgan IG, Ohno-Matsui K, Saw SM (2012) Lancet 379:1739\u20131748","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5200_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00231-4","volume":"6","author":"PN Baird","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baird PN, Saw SM, Lanca C, Guggenheim JA, Smith EL III, Zhou X, Ohno-Matsui K, Wu PC, Sankaridurg P, Chia A, Rosman M, Lamoureux EL, Man R, He M (2020) Myopia. Nat Rev Dis Primers 6:99","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"5200_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13188","volume":"95","author":"JB Jonas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jonas JB, Ohno-Matsui K, Holbach L, Panda-Jonas S (2017) Retinal pigment epithelium cell density in relationship to axial length in human eyes. Acta Ophthalmol 95:e22\u2013e28","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5200_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18529","volume":"57","author":"JB Jonas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jonas JB, Xu L, Wei WB, Pan Z, Yang H, Holbach L, Panda-Jonas S, Wang YX (2016) Retinal thickness and axial length. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 57:1791\u20131797","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"5200_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-016-3345-7","volume":"254","author":"L Shen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shen L, You QS, Xu X, Gao F, Zhang Z, Li B, Jonas JB (2016) Scleral and choroidal volume in relation to axial length in infants with retinoblastoma versus adults with malignant melanomas or end-stage glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 254:1779\u20131786","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5200_CR6","first-page":"277","volume":"38","author":"L Heine","year":"1899","unstructured":"Heine L (1899) Beitr\u00e4ge zur Anatomie des myopischen Auges. Arch Augenheilk 38:277\u2013290","journal-title":"Arch Augenheilk"},{"key":"5200_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29692","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029692","volume":"7","author":"S Vurgese","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vurgese S, Panda-Jonas S, Jonas JB (2012) Sclera thickness in human globes and its relations to age, axial length and glaucoma. PLoS ONE 7:e29692","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5200_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e470","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12372","volume":"92","author":"JB Jonas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jonas JB, Holbach L, Panda-Jonas S (2014) Bruch\u00b4s membrane thickness in high myopia. Acta Ophthalmol 92:e470-474","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5200_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0182080","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182080","volume":"12","author":"HX Bai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bai HX, Mao Y, Shen L, Xu XL, Gao F, Zhang ZB, Li B, Jonas JB (2017) Bruch\u00b4s membrane thickness in relationship to axial length. PLoS ONE 12:e0182080","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5200_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6621","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43212-8","volume":"9","author":"L Dong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dong L, Shi XH, Kang YK, Wei WB, Wang YX, Xu XL, Gao F, Jonas JB (2019) Bruch\u2019s membrane thickness and retinal pigment epithelium cell density in experimental axial elongation. Sci Rep 9:6621","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5200_CR11","first-page":"1428","volume":"37","author":"JB Jonas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jonas JB, Ohno-Matsui K, Jiang WJ, Panda-Jonas S (2017) Bruch membrane and the mechanism of myopization. A new theory Retina 37:1428\u20131440","journal-title":"A new theory Retina"},{"key":"5200_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/01.APO.0000578944.25956.8b","volume":"8","author":"JB Jonas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jonas JB, Ohno-Matsui K, Panda-Jonas S (2019) Myopia: Anatomic changes and consequences for its etiology. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 8:355\u2013359","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila)"},{"key":"5200_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-006-0254-1","volume":"244","author":"Q Gao","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gao Q, Liu Q, Ma P, Zhong X, Wu J, Ge J (2006) Effects of direct intravitreal dopamine injections on the development of lid-suture induced myopia in rabbits. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 244:1329\u20131335","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5200_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2006.09.018","volume":"84","author":"CS McCarthy","year":"2007","unstructured":"McCarthy CS, Megaw P, Devadas M, Morgan IG (2007) Dopaminergic agents affect the ability of brief periods of normal vision to prevent form-deprivation myopia. Exp Eye Res 84:100\u2013107","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"5200_CR15","first-page":"53","volume":"87","author":"J Mao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mao J, Liu S, Qin W, Li F, Wu X, Tan Q (2010) Levodopa inhibits the development of form-deprivation myopia in guinea pigs. Optom VisSci 87:53\u201360","journal-title":"Optom VisSci"},{"key":"5200_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7508","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14294","volume":"55","author":"L Jiang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jiang L, Long K, Schaeffel F, Zhou X, Zheng Y, Ying H, Lu F, Stell WK, Qu J (2014) Effects of dopaminergic agents on progression of naturally occurring myopia in albino guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 55:7508\u20137519","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"5200_CR17","first-page":"180","volume":"21","author":"MY Yen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Yen MY, Liu JH, Kao SC, Shiao CH (1989) Comparison of the effect of atropine and cyclopentolate on myopia. Ann Ophthalmol 21:180\u2013182","journal-title":"Ann Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5200_CR18","first-page":"1277","volume":"15","author":"VA Barathi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barathi VA, Weon SR, Beuerman RW (2009) Expression of muscarinic receptors in human and mouse sclera and their role in the regulation of scleral fibroblasts proliferation. Mol Vis 15:1277\u20131293","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"5200_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.05.062","volume":"113","author":"WH Chua","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chua WH, Balakrishnan V, Chan YH, Tong L, Ling Y, Quah BL, Tan D (2006) Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia. Ophthalmology 113:2285\u20132291","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"5200_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.06.004","volume":"31","author":"DI Flitcroft","year":"2012","unstructured":"Flitcroft DI (2012) The complex interactions of retinal, optical and environmental factors in myopia aetiology. Prog Retin Eye Res 31:622\u2013660","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"5200_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370216638773","volume":"241","author":"J Mao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mao J, Liu S, Fu C (2016) Citicoline retards myopia progression following form deprivation in guinea pigs. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 241:1258\u20131263","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"key":"5200_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1994.1049","volume":"58","author":"B Rohrer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rohrer B, Stell WK (1994) Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) act as stop and go signals to modulate postnatal ocular growth in the chick. Exp Eye Res 58:553\u2013561","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"5200_CR23","first-page":"1183","volume":"36","author":"Y Seko","year":"1995","unstructured":"Seko Y, Shimokawa H, Tokoro T (1995) Expression of bFGF and TGF-beta 2 in experimental myopia in chicks. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36:1183\u20131187","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"5200_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.01.014","volume":"114","author":"NA McBrien","year":"2013","unstructured":"McBrien NA (2013) Regulation of scleral metabolism in myopia and the role of transforming growth factor-beta. Exp Eye Res 114:128\u2013140","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"5200_CR25","first-page":"239","volume":"7","author":"XJ Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li XJ, Yang XP, Wan GM, Wang YY, Zhang JS (2014) Effects of hepatocyte growth factor on MMP-2 expression in scleral fibroblasts from a guinea pig myopia model. Int J Ophthalmol 7:239\u2013244","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5200_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li XJ, Yang XP, Wan GM, Wang YY, Zhang JS (2013) Expression of hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor c-Met in lens-induced myopia in guinea pigs. Chin Med J (Engl) 126:4524\u20134527","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20131889"},{"key":"5200_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8436","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8436","volume":"8","author":"T Cheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheng T, Wang J, Xiong S, Zhang B, Li Q, Xu X, He X (2020) Association of IGF1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms with myopia in Chinese children. PeerJ 8:e8436","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"5200_CR28","first-page":"258591","volume":"2014","author":"Y Jia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jia Y, Hu DN, Zhou J (2014) Human aqueous humor levels of TGF- \u03b22: relationship with axial length. Biomed Res Int 2014:258591","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"5200_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-013-2269-8","volume":"251","author":"BY Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen BY, Wang CY, Chen WY, Ma JX (2013) Altered TGF-\u03b22 and bFGF expression in scleral desmocytes from an experimentally-induced myopia guinea pig model. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 251:1133\u20131144","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5200_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.02.021","volume":"17","author":"WJ Jiang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jiang WJ, Song HX, Li SY, Guo B, Wu JF, Li GP, Guo DD, Shi DL, Bi HS, Jonas JB (2017) Amphiregulin antibody and reduction of axial elongation in experimental myopia. EBioMedicine 17:134\u2013144","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"5200_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e460","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14080","volume":"97","author":"L Dong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dong L, Shi XH, Kang YK, Wei WB, Wang YX, Xu XL, Gao F, Yuan LH, Zhen J, Jiang WJ, Jonas JB (2019) Amphiregulin and ocular axial length. Acta Ophthalmol 97:e460\u2013e470","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5200_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202001095RR","author":"L Dong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dong L, Shi XH, Li YF, Jiang X, Wang YX, Lan YJ, Wu HAT, Jonas JB, Wei WB (2020) Blockade of epidermal growth factor and its receptor and axial elongation in experimental myopia. FASEB J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.202001095RR. Online ahead of print","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"5200_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.12.006","volume":"117","author":"JB Jonas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jonas JB, Tao Y, Neumaier M, Findeisen P (2010) VEGF and refractive error. Ophthalmology 117:2234-U235","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"5200_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2012.02414.x","volume":"90","author":"JB Jonas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jonas JB, Tao Y, Neumaier M, Findeisen P (2012) Cytokine concentration in aqueous humour of eyes with exudative age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol 90:e381-388","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5200_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15708","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52156-y","volume":"9","author":"CW Wong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wong CW, Yanagi Y, Tsai ASH, Shihabuddeen WA, Cheung N, Lee SY, Jonas JB, Cheung CMG (2019) Correlation of axial length and myopic macular degeneration to levels of molecular factors in the aqueous. Sci Rep 9:15708","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5200_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200507000-00002","volume":"25","author":"HS Chin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chin HS, Park TS, Moon YS, Oh JH (2005) Difference in clearance of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide between vitrectomized and nonvitrectomized eyes. Retina 25:556\u2013560","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"5200_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0117777","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117777","volume":"10","author":"D Zhu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhu D, Yang DY, Guo YY, Zheng YF, Li JL, Wang B, Tao Y, Jonas JB (2015) Intracameral interleukin 1\u03b2, 6, 8, 10, 12p, tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 and vascular endothelial growth factor and axial length in patients with cataract. PLoS ONE 10:e0117777","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5200_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.01.019","volume":"115","author":"BA Kamppeter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kamppeter BA, Cej A, Jonas JB (2008) Intraocular concentration of triamcinolone acetonide after intravitreal injection in the rabbit eye. Ophthalmology 115:1372\u20131375","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"}],"container-title":["Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-021-05200-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00417-021-05200-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-021-05200-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T20:00:52Z","timestamp":1725134452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00417-021-05200-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["5200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-021-05200-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0721-832X","1435-702X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0721-832X","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-702X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Medical Ethics Committee II of the Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg approved the study protocol and had waived the necessity to obtain the written consent of the individual patients.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval, consent to participate, and consent for publication"}},{"value":"Jost B. Jonas, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Rahul A. Jonas: European patent application: 16 720 043.5 and Patent application US 2019 0085065 A1:\u201eAgents for use in the therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of myopia or hyperopia); Patent application: Agents for use in the therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of retinal pigment epithelium associated diseases.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}