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Visual acuity (VA), visual evoked potential (VEP), oxygen saturation of retinal blood vessels (SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) were measured. All patients were followed up at least 3\u00a0months after treatments.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 95 ITON patients were recruited, including 77 patients who underwent ETOCD and 18 patients who underwent conservative treatments. After treatments, more patients received ETOCD (59\/77\u2009=\u200976.6%) presented with improved VA compared with the patients with conservative treatments (6\/18\u2009=\u200933.3%). Compared with the pre-therapeutic measurements, VEP were significantly improved after surgery in ETOCD-treated patients (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Latent periods of P1 and N2, as well as amplitude of P2 of VEP parameters, showed more sensitive to vision recovery (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Retinal artery SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and the differences between arteries and veins were improved in ETOCD-treated patients (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Meanwhile, with OCT-A examination, the retinal thickness and retinal vessel density were notably better in ETOCD-treated patients after surgery than that in patients received conservative treatments <jats:italic>(P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Vision recovery after effective treatment of ITON patients was associated with the increased oxygen saturation of retinal vessels, better availability of oxygen in the retina, greater vessel density, and thicker retinas, which might further underlie the vasculature mechanism of vision recovery in ITON patients.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05208-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T17:03:47Z","timestamp":1620752627000},"page":"3093-3105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The retinal vasculature pathophysiological changes in vision recovery after treatment for indirect traumatic optic neuropathy patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"259","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinmiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangwei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianbo","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6033-0517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"5208_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-4356(91)90114-K","volume":"29","author":"IA al-Qurainy","year":"1991","unstructured":"al-Qurainy IA, Stassen LF, Dutton GN et al (1991) The characteristics of midfacial fractures and the association with ocular injury: a prospective study. 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