{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T15:24:13Z","timestamp":1788881053108,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633305600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002839","name":"Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002839","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To calculate the overall incidence of uveal melanoma in Germany and to compare incidences in different German states. In addition, we computed the overall and cancer-specific survival rates nationwide.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Incidence data for the period between 2009 and 2015, covering the entire German population, was collected through the German Center for Cancer Registry. ICD-O-3 topography codes C69.3-C69.4 and histology codes for melanoma subtypes were used to collect the incidence data. Confidence Intervals with a level of 95% (95% CI) were calculated for rates. Survival was calculated using the Kaplan\u2013Meier. The log-rank test was used for survival comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study comprised 3654 patients with uveal melanomas, including 467 (12.8%) with iridial and ciliary body tumors. The overall age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) was 6.41 person per million. Generally, the ASIR was higher in males than females (6.67 (95% CI 6.37\u20136.98) vs. 6.16 (95% CI 5.88\u20136.45 per million). Higher crude incidence rates were noted in the northeastern states (12.5 per million (95% CI 10.5\u201314.7) in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) compared with the southwestern states (2.1 per million (95% CI 1.7\u20132.6) in Hessen). The 5-year overall survival stood at 47%, while the cancer-specific survival stood at 84%. Multivariate analysis showed that women, younger patients, and patients living in Berlin achieved significantly higher overall survival.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Overall ASIR of uveal melanoma in Germany indicates that the disease is more common in males and that it follows the same geographical distribution previously noted in central European countries, with the highest incidence in northern parts of Germany.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05317-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]],"date-time":"2021-10-05T01:47:16Z","timestamp":1633398436000},"page":"1723-1731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The epidemiology of uveal melanoma in Germany: a nationwide report of incidence and survival between 2009 and 2015"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"260","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0930-4583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Samir","family":"Alfaar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0101-0131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anas","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Wiedemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matus","family":"Rehak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"5317_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2012.08.004","volume":"26","author":"Y Yonekawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yonekawa Y, Kim IK (2012) Epidemiology and management of uveal melanoma. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am 26:1169\u20131184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hoc.2012.08.004","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin N Am"},{"key":"5317_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.040","volume":"118","author":"AD Singh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Singh AD, Turell ME, Topham AK (2011) Uveal melanoma: trends in incidence, treatment, and survival. Ophthalmology 118:1881\u20131885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.040","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"5317_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.12.024","volume":"123","author":"RT Al-Jamal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Jamal RT, Cassoux N, Desjardins L et al (2016) The pediatric choroidal and ciliary body melanoma study: a survey by the European Ophthalmic Oncology Group. Ophthalmology 123:898\u2013907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.12.024","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"5317_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.01.032","volume":"114","author":"G Virgili","year":"2007","unstructured":"Virgili G, Gatta G, Ciccolallo L et al (2007) Incidence of uveal melanoma in Europe. Ophthalmology 114:2309-2315.e2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.01.032","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"5317_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1159\/000480640","volume":"4","author":"ME Aronow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aronow ME, Topham AK, Singh AD (2018) Uveal melanoma: 5-year update on incidence, treatment, and survival (SEER 1973\u20132013). Ocul Oncol Pathol 4:145\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000480640","journal-title":"Ocul Oncol Pathol"},{"key":"5317_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1562\/2006-07-17-RA-970","volume":"82","author":"G-P Yu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yu G-P, Hu D-N, McCormick SA (2006) Latitude and incidence of ocular melanoma. Photochem Photobiol 82:1621\u20131626. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1562\/2006-07-17-RA-970","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"5317_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(03)00153-9","volume":"58","author":"E Nolte","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nolte E, McKee M (2004) Changing health inequalities in east and west Germany since unification. Soc Sci Med 58:119\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0277-9536(03)00153-9","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"5317_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/10.4.262","volume":"10","author":"A Mielck","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mielck A (2000) Comparison of health inequalities between East and West Germany. Eur J Public Health 10:262\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/10.4.262","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"5317_CR9","unstructured":"Kraywinkel K, K\u00f6tschau A (2020) Center for Cancer Registry Data (ZfKD) in the Robert Koch Institute: population-based cancer registry dataset from the German Center for Cancer Registry Data"},{"key":"5317_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-011-1361-7","volume":"54","author":"U Wolf","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wolf U, Barnes B, Bertz J et al (2011) The (German) Center for Cancer Registry Data (ZfKD) at the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) in Berlin. Bundesgesundheitsb Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz 54:1229\u20131234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00103-011-1361-7","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsb Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz"},{"key":"5317_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobin LH, Gospodarowicz MK, Wittekind C (2011) Malignant melanoma of uvea. In: TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours, 7th ed. Wiley, pp 284\u2013290","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471420194.tnmc50.pub2"},{"key":"5317_CR12","unstructured":"Statistisches Bundesamt \u201cFedral office of Statistics.\u201d https:\/\/www.destatis.de. Accessed 2 Nov 2020"},{"key":"5317_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-10-52","volume":"10","author":"J Haberland","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haberland J, Bertz J, Wolf U et al (2010) German cancer statistics 2004. BMC Cancer 10:52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2407-10-52","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"5317_CR14","unstructured":"IBM Corp (2020) IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 27.0. https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/products\/spss-statistics. Accessed 8 Aug 2020"},{"key":"5317_CR15","unstructured":"Microsoft Corp. (2021) Microsoft Excel. Version 16.0.13801.20360. https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/microsoft-365\/excel. Accessed 3 Apr 2021"},{"key":"5317_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tableau-Software (2020) Tableau Desktop Version 2020.1.2. https:\/\/www.tableau.com\/. Accessed 11 Oct 2020","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-32001-4_196-1"},{"key":"5317_CR17","unstructured":"Breslow NE, Day NE (1987) Statistical methods in cancer research. Volume II--The design and analysis of cohort studies. IARC Sci Publ 1\u2013406"},{"key":"5317_CR18","volume-title":"Statistical methods in medical research","author":"P Armitage","year":"1994","unstructured":"Armitage P, Berry G (1994) Statistical methods in medical research, 3rd edn. Boston, Oxford","edition":"3"},{"key":"5317_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-0258(20000215)19:3<335::aid-sim336>3.0.co;2-z","volume":"19","author":"HJ Kim","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Fay MP, Feuer EJ, Midthune DN (2000) Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates. Stat Med 19:335\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(sici)1097-0258(20000215)19:3%3c335::aid-sim336%3e3.0.co;2-z","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"5317_CR20","unstructured":"Eurostat (2016) Asylum and first time asylum applicants by citizenship, age and sex Annual aggregated data (rounded). In: Eurostat - Data Explor. http:\/\/appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu\/nui\/show.do?dataset=migr_asyappctza&lang=en. Accessed 5 Oct 2016"},{"key":"5317_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2004.04.009","volume":"49","author":"AD Singh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Singh AD, Rennie IG, Seregard S et al (2004) Sunlight exposure and pathogenesis of uveal melanoma. Surv Ophthalmol 49:419\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2004.04.009","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5317_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.2.1.11745","volume":"2","author":"J Moan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moan J, Cicarma E, Setlow R et al (2010) Time trends and latitude dependence of uveal and cutaneous malignant melanoma induced by solar radiation. Dermatoendocrinology 2:3\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/derm.2.1.11745","journal-title":"Dermatoendocrinology"},{"key":"5317_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s101470050078","volume":"4","author":"A Kaneko","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kaneko A (1999) Japanese contributions to ocular oncology. Int J Clin Oncol 4:321\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s101470050078","journal-title":"Int J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"5317_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/01.cej.0000197453.79733.a6","volume":"15","author":"A Stang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stang A, Schmidt-Pokrzywniak A, Lehnert M et al (2006) Population-based incidence estimates of uveal melanoma in Germany. Supplementing cancer registry data by case-control data. Eur J Cancer Prev 15:165\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.cej.0000197453.79733.a6","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"5317_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghazawi FM, Darwich R, Le M et al (2019) Uveal melanoma incidence trends in Canada: a national comprehensive population-based study. Br J Ophthalmol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312966","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312966"},{"key":"5317_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1983.01040020896012","volume":"101","author":"JM Seddon","year":"1983","unstructured":"Seddon JM, Albert DM, Robinson N, Lavin PT (1983) A Prognostic factor study of disease-free interval and survival following enucleation for uveal melanoma. Arch Ophthalmol 101:1894\u20131899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.1983.01040020896012","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5317_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.77","volume":"132","author":"BE Damato","year":"2014","unstructured":"Damato BE, Heimann H, Kalirai H, Coupland SE (2014) Age, survival predictors, and metastatic death in patients with choroidal melanoma: tentative evidence of a therapeutic effect on survival. JAMA Ophthalmol 132:605\u2013613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.77","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5317_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.0903","volume":"134","author":"CL Decatur","year":"2016","unstructured":"Decatur CL, Ong E, Garg N et al (2016) Driver mutations in uveal melanoma. JAMA Ophthalmol 134:728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.0903","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5317_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19901001)66:7<1596::aid-cncr2820660726>3.0.co;2-6","volume":"66","author":"JJ Augsburger","year":"1990","unstructured":"Augsburger JJ, Gamel JW (1990) Clinical prognostic factors in patients with posterior uveal malignant melanoma. Cancer 66:1596\u20131600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1097-0142(19901001)66:7%3c1596::aid-cncr2820660726%3e3.0.co;2-6","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"5317_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-6420(95)30947-5","volume":"102","author":"V Rummelt","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rummelt V, Folberg R, Woolson RF et al (1995) Relation between the microcirculation architecture and the aggressive behavior of ciliary body melanomas. Ophthalmology 102:844\u2013851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0161-6420(95)30947-5","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"5317_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.208","volume":"127","author":"CL Shields","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shields CL, Furuta M, Thangappan A et al (2009) Metastasis of uveal melanoma millimeter-by-millimeter in 8033 consecutive eyes. Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago, Ill 1960) 127:989\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.208","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago, Ill 1960)"},{"key":"5317_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.8.1066","volume":"118","author":"W Li","year":"2000","unstructured":"Li W, Gragoudas ES, Egan KM (2000) Metastatic melanoma death rates by anatomic site after proton beam irradiation for uveal melanoma. Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago, Ill 1960) 118:1066\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.118.8.1066","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago, Ill 1960)"},{"key":"5317_CR33","first-page":"1370","volume":"51","author":"EA Holly","year":"1991","unstructured":"Holly EA, Aston DA, Ahn DK et al (1991) Uveal melanoma, hormonal and reproductive factors in women. Cancer Res 51:1370\u20131372","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"5317_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.09.040","volume":"116","author":"A Schmidt-Pokrzywniak","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schmidt-Pokrzywniak A, J\u00f6ckel K-H, Bornfeld N et al (2009) Positive interaction between light iris color and ultraviolet radiation in relation to the risk of uveal melanoma: a case-control study. Ophthalmology 116:340\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.09.040","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"5317_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-005-0281-y","volume":"17","author":"MR Karagas","year":"2006","unstructured":"Karagas MR, Zens MS, Stukel TA et al (2006) Pregnancy history and incidence of melanoma in women: a pooled analysis. Cancer Causes Control 17:11\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10552-005-0281-y","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"5317_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2011.272","volume":"26","author":"BE Damato","year":"2012","unstructured":"Damato BE, Coupland SE (2012) Differences in uveal melanomas between men and women from the British Isles. Eye (Lond) 26:292\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.2011.272","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"5317_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.01.048","volume":"119","author":"EM Damato","year":"2012","unstructured":"Damato EM, Damato BE (2012) Detection and time to treatment of uveal melanoma in the United Kingdom: an evaluation of 2,384 patients. Ophthalmology 119:1582\u20131589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.01.048","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"5317_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1990.01070110084030","volume":"108","author":"A Vine","year":"1990","unstructured":"Vine A, Sneed S, Elner V et al (1990) Accuracy of diagnosis of choroidal melanomas in the collaborative ocular melanoma study. Arch Ophthalmol 108:1268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.1990.01070110084030","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5317_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20690","volume":"114","author":"A Stang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stang A, Parkin DM, Ferlay J, J\u00f6ckel K-H (2005) International uveal melanoma incidence trends in view of a decreasing proportion of morphological verification. Int J Cancer 114:114\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.20690","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"}],"container-title":["Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-021-05317-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00417-021-05317-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-021-05317-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T11:08:16Z","timestamp":1649934496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00417-021-05317-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["5317"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-021-05317-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0721-832X","1435-702X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0721-832X","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-702X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 October 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study is waived from ethical committee approval due to the anonymity of patients\u2019 data used and considered non-human subject research. The studies involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Cancer data is anonymized, reportable by law and considered non-human subject research. Thus, it is IRB approval and HIPAA\u2013exempted.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}