{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T13:18:48Z","timestamp":1783948728857,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635379200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Bonn"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract\n<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The lacrimal caruncle is composed of numerous structures including different glands as well as hair follicles. Accordingly, the spectrum of benign and malignant lesions is broad, and the clinical diagnosis is often challenging. Here we systematically analyzed excised caruncular tumors over the past 22\u00a0years with special emphasis on the clinico-pathological correlation to provide a guidance for clinicians.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Retrospective evaluation with clinico-pathologic correlation of surgically removed caruncular tumors between 1998 and 2020 at a tertiary referral center.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Eighty-two caruncular tumors were identified in the respective period. The patients were between 11 and 85\u00a0years of age (mean, 46.8\u00a0years; median, 49\u00a0years). Nevi (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200935), cystic lesions (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200914), oncocytoma (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20099), papilloma (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20098), sebaceous gland hyperplasia (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20098), and reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094) were observed most frequently. Besides, we are the first reporting herniated orbital fat accompanied by a pyogenic granuloma. 2.4% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092) were malignant tumors (sebaceous gland carcinoma, conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia with pyogenic granuloma).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Caruncular tumors show a broad spectrum of mostly benign tumors. They can occur in patients of any age. However, 8\/9 oncocytomas and both malignant lesions were detected in patients older than 60\u00a0years. Although the clinical diagnosis was confirmed in only 68.3% by the histopathological analysis, the two malignant lesions were identified as such already clinically. Caruncular lesions with a history of growth or other signs of malignancy should be excised followed by detailed histopathological examination to allow a final diagnosis and exclude rare malignant tumors with lethal potential. <\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05464-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T10:03:03Z","timestamp":1635415383000},"page":"1415-1425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Clinico-pathological correlation of lacrimal caruncle tumors: a retrospective analysis over 22\u00a0years at the University Eye Hospital Bonn"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"260","author":[{"given":"A. C.","family":"Clemens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. U.","family":"Loeffler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. G.","family":"Holz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5943-7675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. C.","family":"Herwig-Carl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"5464_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(86)90407-1","volume":"102","author":"CL Shields","year":"1986","unstructured":"Shields CL, Shields JA, White D, Augsburger JJ (1986) Types and frequency of lesions of the caruncle. Am J Ophthalmol 102:771\u2013778","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5464_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos A, G\u00f3mez-Leal A (1994) Lesions of the lacrimal caruncle. Clinicopathologic features. Ophthalmology 101:943\u2013949","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(94)31233-4"},{"key":"5464_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.04.035","volume":"142","author":"P-F Kaeser","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kaeser P-F, Uffer S, Zografos L, Ham\u00e9dani M (2006) Tumors of the caruncle: a clinicopathologic correlation. Am J Ophthalmol 142:448\u2013455","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5464_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.1997.d01-601.x","volume":"30","author":"I Pecorella","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pecorella I, Garner A (1997) Ostensible oncocytoma of accessory lacrimal glands. Histopathology 30:264\u2013270","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"5464_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0b013e3181d9b56d","volume":"33","author":"JP Kapil","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kapil JP, Proia AD, Puri PK (2011) Lesions of the lacrimal caruncle with an emphasis on oncocytoma. Am J Dermatopathol 33:227\u2013235","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"key":"5464_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.316","volume":"23","author":"J Levy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Levy J, Ilsar M, Deckel Y, Maly A, Pe\u2019er J (2009) Lesions of the caruncle: a description of 42 cases and a review of the literature. Eye (Lond) 23:1004\u20131018","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"5464_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(78)90155-8","volume":"23","author":"CL Luthra","year":"1978","unstructured":"Luthra CL, Doxanas MT, Green WR (1978) Lesions of the caruncle: a clinicohistopathologic study. Surv Ophthalmol 23:183\u2013195","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5464_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1035035","volume":"210","author":"C Hirsch","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hirsch C, Holz FG, Tetz M, V\u00f6lcker HE (1997) Klinik und Histopathologie von Karunkeltumoren. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 210:153\u2013157","journal-title":"Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd"},{"key":"5464_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(50)90990-1","volume":"33","author":"ASH Je","year":"1950","unstructured":"Je ASH (1950) Epibulbar tumors. Am J Ophthalmol 33:1203\u20131219","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5464_CR10","first-page":"493","volume":"79","author":"S Perucho-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2004","unstructured":"Perucho-Mart\u00ednez S, Menc\u00eda-Guti\u00e9rrez E, Guti\u00e9rrez-D\u00edaz E, G\u00f3mez-Ledesma MI (2004) Tumores de car\u00fancula. Estudio cl\u00ednico-patol\u00f3gico de 40 casos. Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia 79:493\u2013499","journal-title":"Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia"},{"key":"5464_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2005.00543.x","volume":"84","author":"J \u00d8stergaard","year":"2006","unstructured":"\u00d8stergaard J, Prause JU, Heegaard S (2006) Caruncular lesions in Denmark 1978\u20132002: a histopathological study with correlation to clinical referral diagnosis. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 84:130\u2013136","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"5464_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312960","volume":"103","author":"MC Herwig-Carl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Herwig-Carl MC, Grossniklaus HE, M\u00fcller PL, Atzrodt L, Loeffler KU, Auw-Haedrich C (2019) Pyogenic granuloma associated with conjunctival epithelial neoplasia: report of nine cases. Br J Ophthalmol 103:1469\u20131474","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5464_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2040_19","volume":"67","author":"CL Shields","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shields CL, Shields JA (2019) Tumors of the conjunctiva and cornea. Indian J Ophthalmol 67:1930\u20131948","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5464_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmisano F, Lorusso V, Spinelli MG, Dell'Orto PG, Montanari E (2019) Blastoid variant of mantle cell lymphoma of the female urethra mimicking a caruncle: a rare but highly aggressive subtype case with literature review. Archivio italiano di urologia, andrologia organo ufficiale [di] Societa italiana di ecografia urologica e nefrologica 91:49\u201350","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2019.1.49"},{"key":"5464_CR15","unstructured":"Shields CL, Shields JA, White D, Augsburger JJ (1986) Survey of lesions of the caruncle. Transactions - Pennsylvania Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology 38:528\u2013534"},{"key":"5464_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/00004397-199303330-00007","volume":"33","author":"CL Shields","year":"1993","unstructured":"Shields CL, Shields JA (1993) Tumors of the caruncle. Int Ophthalmol Clin 33:31\u201336","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"key":"5464_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.07.031","volume":"111","author":"JA Shields","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shields JA, Demirci H, Marr BP, Eagle RC, Shields CL (2004) Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelids: personal experience with 60 cases. Ophthalmology 111:2151\u20132157","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"5464_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mihailovic N, M\u00fchl S, Eter N (2019) Prim\u00e4res Basalzellkarzinom der Karunkel. Der Ophthalmologe Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft 116:1034\u20131037","DOI":"10.1007\/s00347-019-0895-1"},{"key":"5464_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000399","volume":"24","author":"MAJ van de Put","year":"2014","unstructured":"van de Put MAJ, Haeseker BI, de Wolff-Rouendaal D, de Keizer RJW (2014) Squamous cell carcinoma of the lacrimal caruncle: case reports. Eur J Ophthalmol 24:441\u2013445","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5464_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.6084","volume":"134","author":"JA Shields","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shields JA, Pointdujour-Lim R, Lally SE, Eagle RC, Shields CL (2016) Malignant melanoma presenting as pedunculated lesion of the caruncle. JAMA ophthalmology 134:464\u2013466","journal-title":"JAMA ophthalmology"},{"key":"5464_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27492012000300012","volume":"75","author":"MDC Mendez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mendez MDC, Mui\u00f1os Y, Blanco G, Saornil MA, Garc\u00eda-Alvarez C, Sarasa JL, Valbuena C (2012) Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the caruncle in a 4 year-old boy: case report. Arq Bras Oftalmol 75:207\u2013209","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalmol"},{"key":"5464_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01571-4","volume":"134","author":"A Lie","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lie A, Mooy C, van den Bosch W, Paridaens D (2002) Caruncle tumor as the first sign of metastatic lung carcinoma. Am J Ophthalmol 134:438\u2013439","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5464_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70192-8","volume":"123","author":"RC Rodman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rodman RC, Frueh BR, Elner VM (1997) Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the caruncle. Am J Ophthalmol 123:564\u2013565","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5464_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3109\/08820538.2013.833260","volume":"30","author":"DSJ Ting","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ting DSJ, Mansoor Q, Mathew S, Wride NK (2015) Caruncular tumor as the first sign of T-cell lymphoma relapse. Semin ophthalmol 30:139\u2013141","journal-title":"Semin ophthalmol"},{"key":"5464_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.1996.tb00703.x","volume":"74","author":"N Gerner","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gerner N, N\u00f8rregaard JC, Jensen OA, Prause JU (1996) Conjunctival naevi in Denmark 1960\u20131980. A 21-year follow-up study. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 74:334\u2013337","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"5464_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shields CL, Fasiuddin AF, Fasiudden A, Mashayekhi A, Shields JA (2004) Conjunctival nevi: clinical features and natural course in 410 consecutive patients. Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. 1960) 122:167\u2013175","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.2.167"},{"key":"5464_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brownstein MH (1982) Steatocystoma simplex. A solitary steatocystoma. Archives of dermatology 118:409\u2013411","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.118.6.409"},{"key":"5464_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.2.240-a","volume":"87","author":"J Bowyer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bowyer J, Sullivan T, Whitehead K (2003) Steatocystoma simplex of the caruncle. Br J Ophthalmol 87:240\u2013241","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5464_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000001321","volume":"35","author":"NC Charles","year":"2019","unstructured":"Charles NC, Jakobiec FA, Ma L, Belinsky I (2019) Steatocystoma simplex of the caruncle: case report and immunohistologic study. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 35:e45\u2013e47","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"5464_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2009.01677.x","volume":"89","author":"J \u00d8stergaard","year":"2011","unstructured":"\u00d8stergaard J, Prause JU, Heegaard S (2011) Oncocytic lesions of the ophthalmic region: a clinicopathological study with emphasis on cytokeratin expression. Acta Ophthalmol 89:263\u2013267","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5464_CR31","unstructured":"Yanoff M, Sassani JW (2014) Ocular pathology. Saunders Elsevier, London"},{"key":"5464_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2006.00849.x","volume":"85","author":"MA Economou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Economou MA, Seregard S, Sahlin S (2007) Oncocytoma of the lacrimal gland. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 85:576\u2013577","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"5464_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(86)90004-8","volume":"102","author":"CL Shields","year":"1986","unstructured":"Shields CL, Shields JA, Arbizo V, Augsburger JJ (1986) Oncocytoma of the caruncle. Am J Ophthalmol 102:315\u2013319","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5464_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-858534","volume":"222","author":"M Warga","year":"2005","unstructured":"Warga M, Szurman P, Rohrbach JM (2005) Karunkeltumor unklarer Dignit\u00e4t. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 222:733\u2013735","journal-title":"Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd"},{"key":"5464_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0b013e318053d87c","volume":"29","author":"E George","year":"2007","unstructured":"George E, Swanson PE, Newman BK, Wick MR (2007) Oculocutaneous oncocytic tumors: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 2 cases with literature review. Am J Dermatopathol 29:279\u2013285","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"key":"5464_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Nicola M, Miserocchi E, Rizzo N, Grantoza CL, Bandello F, Modorati G (2013) Atypical presentation of a pigmented oncocytoma of the caruncle: a case report. Case Rep Ophthalmol 4:16\u201319","DOI":"10.1159\/000353222"},{"key":"5464_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1159\/000468524","volume":"3","author":"T Surakiatchanukul","year":"2017","unstructured":"Surakiatchanukul T, Sioufi K, Pointdujour-Lim R, Eagle RC Jr, Shields JA, Shields CL (2017) Caruncular oncocytoma mimicking malignant melanoma. Ocul Oncol Pathol 3:320\u2013323","journal-title":"Ocul Oncol Pathol"},{"key":"5464_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2011.02285.x","volume":"90","author":"MC Herwig","year":"2012","unstructured":"Herwig MC, Fassunke J, Merkelbach-Bruse S, Holz FG, Fischer H-P, Loeffler KU (2012) Reactive lymphoid hyperplasia of the ocular surface: clinicopathologic features and search for infectious agents. Acta Ophthalmol 90:e331\u2013e332","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5464_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1097\/00002341-199809000-00014","volume":"14","author":"A Ghafouri","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ghafouri A, Rodgers IR, Perry HD (1998) A caruncular dermoid with contiguous eyelid involvement: embryologic implications. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 14:375\u2013377","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"5464_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-011-9506-0","volume":"32","author":"JA Diaz-Perez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Diaz-Perez JA, Barajas-Gamboa JS (2012) Complex choristoma of the lacrimal caruncle: a case report of an unusual congenital tumor with clinical and histopathological classification. Int Ophthalmol 32:37\u201339","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5464_CR41","unstructured":"Shields CL, Chien JL, Surakiatchanukul T, Sioufi K, Lally SE, Shields JA (2017) Conjunctival tumors: review of clinical features, risks, biomarkers, and outcomes--the 2017 J. Donald M. Gass Lecture. Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 6:109\u2013120"}],"container-title":["Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-021-05464-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00417-021-05464-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-021-05464-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T02:05:58Z","timestamp":1646964358000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00417-021-05464-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["5464"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-021-05464-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0721-832X","1435-702X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0721-832X","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-702X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 June 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 September 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 October 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 February 2022","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL has been added as funding statement.","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The research was conducted in adherence to tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethics Board Approval of the University of Bonn was granted (328\/16).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"AC: None.FGH: Research funding and consulting: Genentech\/Roche, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Novartis, Allergan, Heidelberg Engineering; Beratung von Apellis, Lin BioScience; Research funding: Nightstar, CenterVue, Optos, Acucela, Alcon; Advisory Boards: Acucela, Allergan, Avalanche, Bayer, Genentech, Heidelberg Engineering, Johnson & Johnson, Lin BioScience, Novartis, Ophthotech, Roche, Oxurion.KUL: None.MCH-C: Research funding received from EPIC-XS and the German Research Foundation (HE5775\/5\u20131) and consulting fees from GlakoSmithKline.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}