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Three camera models were employed: Optomed Aurora (field of view \u2014 FOV 50\u00ba, 88% of the dataset), ZEISS VISUSCOUT 100 (FOV 40\u00ba, 9%), and Optomed SmartScope M5 (FOV 40\u00ba, 3%). Image acquisition took 2\u00a0min per patient. Ground truth for each image of the dataset was determined by 2 masked retina specialists, and disagreements were resolved by a 3rd retina specialist. The specific pathologies considered for evaluation were \u201cdiabetic retinopathy\u201d (DR), \u201cAge-related macular degeneration\u201d (AMD), \u201cglaucomatous optic neuropathy\u201d (GON), and \u201cNevus.\u201d Images with maculopathy signs that did not match the described taxonomy were classified as \u201cOther.\u201d<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The combination of algorithms to detect any abnormalities had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.963 with a sensitivity of 92.9% and a specificity of 86.8%. The algorithms individually obtained are as follows: AMD AUC 0.980 (sensitivity 93.8%; specificity 95.7%), DR AUC 0.950 (sensitivity 81.1%; specificity 94.8%), GON AUC 0.889 (sensitivity 53.6% specificity 95.7%), Nevus AUC 0.931 (sensitivity 86.7%; specificity 90.7%).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our holistic AI approach reaches high diagnostic accuracy at simultaneous detection of DR, AMD, and Nevus. The integration of pathology-specific algorithms permits higher sensitivities with minimal impact on its specificity. It also reduces the risk of missing incidental findings. Deep learning may facilitate wider screenings of eye diseases.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05653-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]],"date-time":"2022-05-14T04:03:03Z","timestamp":1652500983000},"page":"3255-3265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Validation of an autonomous artificial intelligence\u2013based diagnostic system for holistic maculopathy screening in a routine occupational health checkup context"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"260","author":[{"given":"Octavi","family":"Font","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordina","family":"Torrents-Barrena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00eddac","family":"Royo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3641-3806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra Banderas","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Zarranz-Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anniken","family":"Bures","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Salinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Zapata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"5653_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70113-X","volume":"1","author":"RAA Bourne","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bourne RAA, Stevens GA, White RA et al (2013) Causes of vision loss worldwide, 1990\u20132010: a systematic analysis. 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Zapata is the founding member and medical director of Optretina. D. Royo is founding partner and technical director of the company. O. Font is employed in Optretina and A. Bures and C. Salinas work as fundoscopy reader in the company. The authors declare no other direct financial conflicts of interest as individuals.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}