{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T16:30:52Z","timestamp":1794328252657,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660521600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012681","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum K\u00f6ln","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012681","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract\n<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To determine age-and sex-related changes in periocular morphology in Caucasians using a standardized protocol.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Healthy Caucasian volunteers aged 18\u201335 and 60\u201390\u00a0years old were recruited from the Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Cologne, between October 2018 and May 2020. Volunteers with facial asymmetry, facial deformities, history of facial trauma, facial surgery, botox injection, eyelid ptosis, strabismus, or nystagmus, were excluded. Standardized three-dimensional facial photos of 68 young volunteers and 73 old volunteers were taken in this clinical practice. Position changes of endocanthion, pupil center, and exocanthion were analyzed in different age and gender groups, including palpebral fissure width (PFW): distance between endocanthions (En-En), pupil centers (Pu\u2013Pu), exocanthions (Ex-Ex), endocanthion and nasion (En-Na), pupil center and nasion (Pu-Na), exocanthion and nasion (Ex-Na), endocanthion and pupil center (Pu-En), exocanthion and pupil center (Pu-Ex), and palpebral fissure inclination (PFI); angle of endocanthions to nasion (En-Na-En), pupils to nasion (Pu-Na-Pu), exocanthions to nasion (Ex-Na-Ex); endocanthion inclination (EnI), and exocanthion inclination (ExI).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>PFW, En-En, Ex-Na, Pu-Ex, PFI, ExI, and Ex-Na-Ex were significantly different between the young and old groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.004). There were sex-related differences in PFW, Ex-Ex, En-Na, Pu-Na, Ex-Na, Pu-En, PFI, and EnI between both groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.041).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The position change of the pupil is minimal relative to age; it is preferred to establish the reference plane to describe periocular changes. The endocanthion tends to move temporally and inferiorly, while the exocanthion tends to shift nasally and inferiorly with age.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05746-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T08:03:50Z","timestamp":1660550630000},"page":"213-222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Age-related changes of the periocular morphology: a two- and three-dimensional anthropometry study in Caucasians"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"261","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5592-5954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinhua","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0224-3597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander C.","family":"Rokohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7563-9058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Honglei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7143-6707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanlin","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4844-4503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senmao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5657-4984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1711-9484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sitong","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9195-0770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongwei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4413-6132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludwig M.","family":"Heindl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"5746_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1582234","volume":"32","author":"S Cotofana","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cotofana S, Fratila AA, Schenck TL, Redka-Swoboda W, Zilinsky I, Pavicic T (2016) The anatomy of the aging face: a review. Facial Plast Surg 32:253\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0036-1582234","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2433","DOI":"10.1097\/gox.0000000000002433","volume":"7","author":"M Asaad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Asaad M, Kelarji AB, Jawhar CS, Banuelos J, Taslakian E, Wahood W, Vyas KS, Sharaf B (2019) Eyebrow height changes with aging: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 7:e2433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/gox.0000000000002433","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"5746_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181d45aee","volume":"125","author":"D Lazarus","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lazarus D (2010) Changes in eyebrow position and shape with aging and brow lifting. Plast Reconstr Surg 125:1291\u20131292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181d45aee","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305e","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000475756.78956.40","volume":"137","author":"S Bruneau","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bruneau S, Foletti JM, Muller S, Vercasson C, Lauwers F, Guyot L (2016) Does the eyebrow sag with aging? An anthopometric study of 95 Caucasians from 20 to 79 years of age. Plast Reconstr Surg 137:305e\u2013312e. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.prs.0000475756.78956.40","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181811ce8","volume":"122","author":"SJ Darcy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Darcy SJ, Miller TA, Goldberg RA, Villablanca JP, Demer JL, Rudkin GH (2008) Magnetic resonance imaging characterization of orbital changes with age and associated contributions to lower eyelid prominence. Plast Reconstr Surg 122:921\u2013929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181811ce8 (discussion 930-921)","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/iop.0000000000000095","volume":"30","author":"LR Glass","year":"2014","unstructured":"Glass LR, Lira J, Enkhbold E, Dimont E, Scofield S, Sherwood PR, Winn BJ (2014) The lateral brow: position in relation to age, gender, and ethnicity. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 30:295\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/iop.0000000000000095","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e318278d67c","volume":"131","author":"N Iblher","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iblher N, Gladilin E, Stark BG (2013) Soft-tissue mobility of the lower face depending on positional changes and age: a three-dimensional morphometric surface analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg 131:372\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRS.0b013e318278d67c","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-014-1114-x","volume":"129","author":"K Imaizumi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Imaizumi K, Taniguchi K, Ogawa Y, Matsuzaki K, Nagata T, Mochimaru M, Kouchi M (2015) Three-dimensional analyses of aging-induced alterations in facial shape: a longitudinal study of 171 Japanese males. Int J Legal Med 129:385\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-014-1114-x","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"5746_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2019.01.011","volume":"72","author":"D Kraus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kraus D, Formoly E, Iblher N, Stark GB, Penna V (2019) A morphometric study of age- and sex-dependent changes in eyebrow height and shape(\u2730). J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 72:1012\u20131019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjps.2019.01.011","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000279348.09156.c3","volume":"120","author":"V Lambros","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lambros V (2007) Observations on periorbital and midface aging. Plast Reconstr Surg 120:1367\u20131376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.prs.0000279348.09156.c3 (discussion 1377)","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1999.00441.x","volume":"19","author":"JS Pointer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pointer JS (1999) The far interpupillary distance. A gender-specific variation with advancing age. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 19:317\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1999.00441.x","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"5746_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e3181b2f766","volume":"25","author":"MJ Richard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Richard MJ, Morris C, Deen BF, Gray L, Woodward JA (2009) Analysis of the anatomic changes of the aging facial skeleton using computer-assisted tomography. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 25:382\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IOP.0b013e3181b2f766","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e31826d298e","volume":"73","author":"PS Verduijn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Verduijn PS, Selles RW, Mureau MA (2014) A simple, reliable, and validated method for measuring brow position. Ann Plast Surg 73:81\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SAP.0b013e31826d298e","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1001\/archfacial.2008.508","volume":"11","author":"BP Kim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kim BP, Goode RL, Newman JP (2009) Brow elevation ratio: a new method of brow analysis. Arch Facial Plast Surg 11:34\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archfacial.2008.508","journal-title":"Arch Facial Plast Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181b455e8","volume":"124","author":"E Matros","year":"2009","unstructured":"Matros E, Garcia JA, Yaremchuk MJ (2009) Changes in eyebrow position and shape with aging. Plast Reconstr Surg 124:1296\u20131301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181b455e8","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1001\/archfacial.2010.17","volume":"12","author":"AP Sclafani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sclafani AP, Jung M (2010) Desired position, shape, and dynamic range of the normal adult eyebrow. Arch Facial Plast Surg 12:123\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archfacial.2010.17","journal-title":"Arch Facial Plast Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1001\/archfaci.7.6.393","volume":"7","author":"DM Sidle","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sidle DM, Loos BM, Ramirez AL, Kabaker SS, Maas CS (2005) Use of BioGlue surgical adhesive for brow fixation in endoscopic browplasty. Arch Facial Plast Surg 7:393\u2013397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archfaci.7.6.393","journal-title":"Arch Facial Plast Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199909020-00031","volume":"104","author":"C Troilius","year":"1999","unstructured":"Troilius C (1999) A comparison between subgaleal and subperiosteal brow lifts. Plast Reconstr Surg 104:1079\u20131090 (discussion 1091-1072)","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181addc98","volume":"124","author":"KM Price","year":"2009","unstructured":"Price KM, Gupta PK, Woodward JA, Stinnett SS, Murchison AP (2009) Eyebrow and eyelid dimensions: an anthropometric analysis of African Americans and Caucasians. Plast Reconstr Surg 124:615\u2013623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181addc98","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3109\/01676830.2015.1078375","volume":"34","author":"SA Dar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dar SA, Rubinstein TJ, Perry JD (2015) Eyebrow position following upper blepharoplasty. Orbit 34:327\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/01676830.2015.1078375","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"5746_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2014.05.022","volume":"67","author":"MA Huijing","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huijing MA, van der Palen J, van der Lei B (2014) The effect of upper eyelid blepharoplasty on eyebrow position. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 67:1242\u20131247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjps.2014.05.022","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-015-3179-8","volume":"254","author":"Q Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li Q, Zhang X, Li K, Quan Y, Cai X, Xu S, Zhu F, Lu R (2016) Normative anthropometric analysis and aesthetic indication of the ocular region for young Chinese adults. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 254:189\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-015-3179-8","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5746_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-017-0980-2","volume":"42","author":"K Park","year":"2018","unstructured":"Park K, Guo Z, Park DH (2018) Measurement of the area of corneal exposure using digital image and its application during assessment for blepharoplasty. Aesthetic Plast Surg 42:208\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00266-017-0980-2","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-017-1040-7","volume":"42","author":"YC Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim YC, Kwon JG, Kim SC, Huh CH, Kim HJ, Oh TS, Koh KS, Choi JW, Jeong WS (2018) Comparison of periorbital anthropometry between beauty pageant contestants and ordinary young women with Korean ethnicity: a three-dimensional photogrammetric analysis. Aesthetic Plast Surg 42:479\u2013490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00266-017-1040-7","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821428","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/821428","volume":"2013","author":"YS Jayaratne","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jayaratne YS, Deutsch CK, Zwahlen RA (2013) Normative findings for periocular anthropometric measurements among Chinese young adults in Hong Kong. Biomed Res Int 2013:821428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/821428","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"5746_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1097\/scs.0000000000003554","volume":"28","author":"LM Andrade","year":"2017","unstructured":"Andrade LM, Rodrigues da Silva AMB, Magri LV, Rodrigues da Silva MAM (2017) Repeatability study of angular and linear measurements on facial morphology analysis by means of stereophotogrammetry. J Craniofac Surg 28:1107\u20131111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/scs.0000000000003554","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e470","DOI":"10.1097\/scs.0000000000003773","volume":"28","author":"AA Celebi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Celebi AA, Kau CH, Ozaydin B (2017) Three-dimensional anthropometric evaluation of facial morphology. J Craniofac Surg 28:e470\u2013e474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/scs.0000000000003773","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2009.09.036","volume":"68","author":"M de Menezes","year":"2010","unstructured":"de Menezes M, Rosati R, Ferrario VF, Sforza C (2010) Accuracy and reproducibility of a 3-dimensional stereophotogrammetric imaging system. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 68:2129\u20132135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joms.2009.09.036","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.2319\/041415-244.1","volume":"86","author":"F Dindaroglu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dindaroglu F, Kutlu P, Duran GS, Gorgulu S, Aslan E (2016) Accuracy and reliability of 3D stereophotogrammetry: a comparison to direct anthropometry and 2D photogrammetry. Angle Orthod 86:487\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/041415-244.1","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"5746_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1097\/scs.0000000000004580","volume":"29","author":"K Duppe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Duppe K, Becker M, Schonmeyr B (2018) Evaluation of facial anthropometry using three-dimensional photogrammetry and direct measuring techniques. J Craniofac Surg 29:1245\u20131251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/scs.0000000000004580","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2018.01.021","volume":"76","author":"D Gibelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gibelli D, Pucciarelli V, Cappella A, Dolci C, Sforza C (2018) Are portable stereophotogrammetric devices reliable in facial imaging? A validation study of VECTRA H1 device. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 76:1772\u20131784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joms.2018.01.021","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/dss.0000000000002243","author":"Y Guo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guo Y, Hou X, Rokohl AC, Jia R, Heindl LM (2019) Reliability of periocular anthropometry: a comparison of direct, 2-dimensional, and 3-dimensional techniques. Dermatol Surg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/dss.0000000000002243","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514e","DOI":"10.1097\/prs.0000000000006555","volume":"145","author":"Y Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo Y, Schaub F, Mor JM, Jia R, Koch KR, Heindl LM (2020) A simple standardized three-dimensional anthropometry for the periocular region in a European population. Plast Reconstr Surg 145:514e\u2013523e. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/prs.0000000000006555","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hyer JN, Murta F, Juniat VAR, Ezra DG (2020) Validating three-dimensional imaging for volumetric assessment of periorbital soft tissue. Orbit: 1\u20139 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01676830.2020.1711780","DOI":"10.1080\/01676830.2020.1711780"},{"key":"5746_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1097\/scs.0000000000004761","volume":"29","author":"DS Jodeh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jodeh DS, Curtis H, Cray JJ, Ford J, Decker S, Rottgers SA (2018) Anthropometric evaluation of periorbital region and facial projection using three-dimensional photogrammetry. J Craniofac Surg 29:2017\u20132020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/scs.0000000000004761","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.3.347","volume":"83","author":"WA van den Bosch","year":"1999","unstructured":"van den Bosch WA, Leenders I, Mulder P (1999) Topographic anatomy of the eyelids, and the effects of sex and age. Br J Ophthalmol 83:347\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.83.3.347","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5746_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000304608.33432.67","volume":"121","author":"DH Park","year":"2008","unstructured":"Park DH, Choi WS, Yoon SH, Song CH (2008) Anthropometry of asian eyelids by age. Plast Reconstr Surg 121:1405\u20131413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.prs.0000304608.33432.67","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-010-9606-7","volume":"34","author":"SC Rhee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rhee SC, Lee SH (2010) Attractive composite faces of different races. Aesthetic Plast Surg 34:800\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00266-010-9606-7","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guo Y, Rokohl AC, Lin M, Heindl LM (2020) Three-dimensional anthropometry in periorbital region. Annals of Eye Science; Vol 6 (March 2021): Annals of Eye Science.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/aes-20-99","DOI":"10.21037\/aes-20-99"},{"key":"5746_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1043\/0003-3219(2003)073<0220:Rfdh>2.0.Co;2","volume":"73","author":"GV Newman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Newman GV, Newman RA (2003) The angle orthodontist. Angle Orthod 73:219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1043\/0003-3219(2003)073%3c0220:Rfdh%3e2.0.Co;2 (author reply 219-220)","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"5746_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S139","DOI":"10.1097\/sap.0000000000001020","volume":"78","author":"P Chortrakarnkij","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chortrakarnkij P, Lonic D, Lin HH, Lo LJ (2017) Establishment of a reliable horizontal reference plane for 3-dimensional facial soft tissue evaluation before and after orthognathic surgery. Ann Plast Surg 78:S139-s147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/sap.0000000000001020","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2016.08.005","volume":"22","author":"D Gibelli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gibelli D, Collini F, Porta D, Zago M, Dolci C, Cattaneo C, Sforza C (2016) Variations of midfacial soft-tissue thickness in subjects aged between 6 and 18years for the reconstruction of the profile: a study on an Italian sample. Leg Med (Tokyo) 22:68\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.legalmed.2016.08.005","journal-title":"Leg Med (Tokyo)"},{"key":"5746_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-6440201802027","volume":"29","author":"PS Gonzales","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gonzales PS, Machado CEP, Michel-Crosato E (2018) Photoanthropometry of the face in the young White Brazilian population. Braz Dent J 29:619\u2013623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0103-6440201802027","journal-title":"Braz Dent J"},{"key":"5746_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-2038","volume":"18","author":"G Kasinathan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kasinathan G, Kommi PB, Kumar SM, Yashwant A, Arani N, Sabapathy S (2017) Evaluation of soft tissue landmark reliability between manual and computerized plotting methods. J Contemp Dent Pract 18:317\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-2038","journal-title":"J Contemp Dent Pract"},{"key":"5746_CR45","first-page":"198","volume":"71","author":"A Przygocka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Przygocka A, Podg\u00f3rski M, J\u0119drzejewski K, Topol M, Polguj M (2012) The location of the infraorbital foramen in human skulls, to be used as new anthropometric landmarks as a useful method for maxillofacial surgery. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 71:198\u2013204","journal-title":"Folia Morphol (Warsz)"},{"key":"5746_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1097\/scs.0000000000002911","volume":"27","author":"KJ Shin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shin KJ, Gil YC, Lee SH, Song WC, Koh KS, Shin HJ (2016) Positional relationship of ethmoidal foramens with reference to the nasion and its significance in orbital surgery. J Craniofac Surg 27:1854\u20131857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/scs.0000000000002911","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2016.02.024","volume":"264","author":"D Tsuzuki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tsuzuki D, Watanabe H, Dan I, Taga G (2016) MinR 10\/20 system: Quantitative and reproducible cranial landmark setting method for MRI based on minimum initial reference points. J Neurosci Methods 264:86\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2016.02.024","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"5746_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2018.06.018","volume":"155","author":"SM Weinberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weinberg SM (2019) 3D stereophotogrammetry versus traditional craniofacial anthropometry: comparing measurements from the 3D facial norms database to Farkas\u2019s North American norms. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 155:693\u2013701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2018.06.018","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"5746_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1097\/prs.0000000000006711","volume":"145","author":"V Lambros","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lambros V (2020) Facial aging: A 54-year, three-dimensional population study. Plast Reconstr Surg 145:921\u2013928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/prs.0000000000006711","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"5746_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-012-9904-3","volume":"36","author":"B Mendelson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mendelson B, Wong CH (2012) Changes in the facial skeleton with aging: implications and clinical applications in facial rejuvenation. Aesthetic Plast Surg 36:753\u2013760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00266-012-9904-3","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"}],"container-title":["Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-022-05746-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00417-022-05746-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-022-05746-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]],"date-time":"2022-12-31T03:04:53Z","timestamp":1672455893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00417-022-05746-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["5746"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-022-05746-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0721-832X","1435-702X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0721-832X","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-702X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 April 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 June 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 August 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Approval was obtained from the local institutional ethics committee (No. 17\u2013199).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"None.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Meeting presentations"}}]}}