{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T01:46:38Z","timestamp":1792201598135,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]],"date-time":"2022-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664841600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]],"date-time":"2022-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012940","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum T\u00fcbingen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012940","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Recently, an increasing number of studies relied on the assumption that visually induced changes in choroidal thickness can serve as a proxy to predict future axial eye growth. The retinal signals controlling choroidal thickness are, however, not well defined. We have studied the potential roles of dopamine, released from the retina, in the choroidal response in the chicken.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Changes in retinal dopamine release and choroidal thickness changes were induced by intravitreal injections of either atropine (250\u00a0\u00b5g or 360 nMol), atropine combined with a dopamine antagonist, spiperone (500 \u00b5Mol), or spiperone alone and were tracked by optical coherence tomography (OCT). To visually stimulate dopamine release, other chicks were exposed to flicker light of 1, 10, or 400\u00a0Hz (duty cycle 0.2) and choroidal thickness was tracked. In all experiments, dopamine and 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were measured in vitreous, retina, and choroid by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HLPC-ED). The distribution of the rate-limiting enzyme of dopamine synthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and alpha2A adrenoreceptors (alpha2A-ADR) was studied in the choroid by immunofluorescence.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The choroid thickened strongly in atropine-injected eyes, less so in atropine\u2009+\u2009spiperone\u2013injected eyes and became thinner over the day in spiperone alone-, vehicle-, or non-injected eyes. Flickering light at 20\u00a0lx, both 1 and 10\u00a0Hz, prevented diurnal choroidal thinning, compared to 400\u00a0Hz, and stimulated retinal dopamine release. Correlation analysis showed that the higher retinal dopamine levels or release, the thicker became the choroid. TH-, nNOS-, VEGF-, and alpha2A adrenoreceptor\u2013positive nerve fibers were localized in the choroid around lacunae and in the walls of blood vessels with colocalization of TH and nNOS, and TH and VEGF.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Retinal DOPAC and dopamine levels were positively correlated with choroidal thickness. TH-positive nerve fibers in the choroid were closely associated with peptides known to play a role in myopia development. Findings are in line with the hypothesis that dopamine is related to retinal signals controlling choroidal thickness.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05837-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]],"date-time":"2022-10-04T02:02:54Z","timestamp":1664848974000},"page":"409-425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Studies on the interactions of retinal dopamine with choroidal thickness in the chicken"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"261","author":[{"given":"Ute","family":"Mathis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marita","family":"Feldkaemper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3685-0811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Schaeffel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"5837_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100923","volume":"83","author":"NA Brennan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brennan NA, Toubouti YM, Cheng X et al (2021) Efficacy in myopia control. Prog Retin Eye Res 83:100923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100923","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"5837_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16446","volume":"56","author":"SA Read","year":"2015","unstructured":"Read SA, Alonso-Caneiro D, Vincent SJ et al (2015) Longitudinal changes in choroidal thickness and eye growth in childhood. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 56(5):3103\u20133112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.15-16446","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"13","key":"5837_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.13.5","volume":"62","author":"H Hoseini-Yazdi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hoseini-Yazdi H, Read SA, Alonso-Caneiro D et al (2021) Retinal OFF-pathway overstimulation leads to greater accommodation-induced choroidal thinning. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 62(13):5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.62.13.5","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"5837_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12833","volume":"41","author":"S Delshad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Delshad S, Collins MJ, Read SA et al (2021) Effects of brief periods of clear vision on the defocus-mediated changes in axial length and choroidal thickness of human eyes. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 41(4):932\u2013940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.12833","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"15","key":"5837_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.15.22","volume":"62","author":"S Thakur","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thakur S, Dhakal R, Verkicharla PK (2021) Short-term exposure to blue light shows an inhibitory effect on axial elongation in human eyes independent of defocus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 62(15):22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.62.15.22","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"5837_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.3.14","volume":"62","author":"B Swiatczak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Swiatczak B, Schaeffel F (2021) Emmetropic, but not myopic human eyes distinguish positive defocus from calculated blur. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 62(3):14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.62.3.14","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"5837_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2007.01.017","volume":"84","author":"DL Nickla","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nickla DL (2007) Transient increases in choroidal thickness are consistently associated with brief daily visual stimuli that inhibit ocular growth in chicks. Exp Eye Res 84(5):951\u2013959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2007.01.017","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"5837_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.12.002","volume":"29","author":"DL Nickla","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nickla DL, Wallman J (2010) The multifunctional choroid. Prog Retin Eye Res 29(2):144\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.12.002","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"5837_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M31","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25967","volume":"60","author":"D Troilo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Troilo D, Smith EL 3rd, Nickla DL et al (2019) IMI - report on experimental models of Emmetropization and myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 60(3):M31\u2013M88. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.18-25967","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"5837_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.10.002","volume":"129","author":"JC Yam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yam JC, Zhang XJ, Zhang Y et al (2022) Three-year clinical trial of low-concentration atropine for myopia progression (LAMP) study: continued versus washout: phase 3 report. Ophthalmology 129(3):308\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.10.002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"5837_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1159\/000515755","volume":"64","author":"U Mathis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mathis U, Feldkaemper MP, Schaeffel F (2021) Effects of single and repeated intravitreal applications of atropine on choroidal thickness in alert chickens. Ophthalmic Res 64(4):664\u2013674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000515755","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"5837_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2015.06.014","volume":"134","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Wildsoet CF (2015) RPE and choroid mechanisms underlying ocular growth and myopia. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 134:221\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2015.06.014","journal-title":"Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci"},{"key":"5837_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.08.021","volume":"91","author":"DL Nickla","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nickla DL, Totonelly K, Dhillon B (2010) Dopaminergic agonists that result in ocular growth inhibition also elicit transient increases in choroidal thickness in chicks. Exp Eye Res 91:715\u2013720","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"5837_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.02.007","volume":"114","author":"M Feldkaemper","year":"2013","unstructured":"Feldkaemper M, Schaeffel F (2013) An updated view on the role of dopamine in myopia. Exp Eye Res 114:106\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2013.02.007","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"5837_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.06.003","volume":"61","author":"X Zhou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhou X, Pardue MT, Iuvone PM et al (2017) Dopamine signaling and myopia development: what are the key challenges. Prog Retin Eye Res 61:60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.06.003","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"5837_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04573-y","volume":"258","author":"U Mathis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mathis U, Feldkaemper M, Wang M et al (2020) Studies on retinal mechanisms possibly related to myopia inhibition by atropine in the chicken. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 258(2):319\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-019-04573-y","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5837_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.12.4","volume":"61","author":"K Thomson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thomson K, Karouta C, Ashby R (2020) Form-deprivation and lens-induced myopia are similarly affected by pharmacological manipulation of the dopaminergic system in chicks. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 61:4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.61.12.4","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"5837_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brown DM, Mazade R, Clarkson-Townsend D, Hogan K, Datta Roy PM, Pardue MT (2022) Candidate pathways for retina to scleral signaling in refractive eye growth. Exp Eye Res 219:109071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071"},{"issue":"3","key":"5837_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523805223015","volume":"22","author":"J Rymer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rymer J, Wildsoet CF (2005) The role of the retinal pigment epithelium in eye growth regulation and myopia: a review. Vis Neurosci 22(3):251\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0952523805223015","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5837_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1998.0590","volume":"68","author":"M Feldkaemper","year":"1999","unstructured":"Feldkaemper M, Diether S, Kleine G et al (1999) Interactions of spatial and luminance information in the retina of chickens during myopia development. Exp Eye Res 68(1):105\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/exer.1998.0590","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"5837_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2006.09.019","volume":"84","author":"S Diether","year":"2007","unstructured":"Diether S, Schaeffel F, Lambrou GN et al (2007) Effects of intravitreally and intraperitoneally injected atropine on two types of experimental myopia in chicken. Exp Eye Res 84(2):266\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2006.09.019","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"22","key":"5837_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4501","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15629","volume":"178","author":"K Thomson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thomson K, Kelly T, Karouta C et al (2021) Insights into the mechanism by which atropine inhibits myopia: evidence against cholinergic hyperactivity and modulation of dopamine release. Br J Pharmacol 178(22):4501\u20134517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bph.15629","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"5837_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5247","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4689","volume":"51","author":"RS Ashby","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ashby RS, Schaeffel F (2010) The effect of bright light on lens compensation in chicks. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51(10):5247\u20135253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.09-4689","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"5837_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1017\/s0952523800011287","volume":"9","author":"XX Li","year":"1992","unstructured":"Li XX, Schaeffel F, Kohler K et al (1992) Dose-dependent effects of 6-hydroxy dopamine on deprivation myopia, electroretinograms, and dopaminergic amacrine cells in chickens. Vis Neurosci 9(5):483\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0952523800011287","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"5837_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00221-7","volume":"35","author":"F Schaeffel","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schaeffel F, Bartmann M, Hagel G et al (1995) Studies on the role of the retinal dopamine\/melatonin system in experimental refractive errors in chickens. Vision Res 35(9):1247\u20131264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00221-7","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"5837_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1017\/s0952523800012153","volume":"14","author":"S Ohngemach","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ohngemach S, Hagel G, Schaeffel F (1997) Concentrations of biogenic amines in fundal layers in chickens with normal visual experience, deprivation, and after reserpine application. Vis Neurosci 14(3):493\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0952523800012153","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"5837_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000074","volume":"90","author":"W Lan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lan W, Feldkaemper M, Schaeffel F (2013) Bright light induces choroidal thickening in chickens. Optom Vis Sci 90(11):1199\u20131206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000074","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"5837_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2014.07.022","volume":"127","author":"U Mathis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mathis U, Ziemssen F, Schaeffel F (2014) Effects of a human VEGF antibody (Bevacizumab) on deprivation myopia and choroidal thickness in the chicken. Exp Eye Res 127:161\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2014.07.022","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"5837_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26471","volume":"60","author":"M Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang M, Aleman AC, Schaeffel F (2019) Probing the potency of artificial dynamic ON or OFF stimuli to inhibit myopia development. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 60(7):2599\u20132611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.18-26471","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"5837_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1159\/000502529","volume":"63","author":"H Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu H, Schaeffel F, Trier K et al (2020) Effects of 7-methylxanthine on deprivation myopia and retinal dopamine release in chickens. Ophthalmic Res 63(3):347\u2013357","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5837_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2005.08.004","volume":"48","author":"PL Megaw","year":"2006","unstructured":"Megaw PL, Boelen MG, Morgan IG, Boelen MK et al (2006) Diurnal patterns of dopamine release in chicken retina. Neurochem Int 48(1):17\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuint.2005.08.004","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"5837_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3980\/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.02.01","volume":"6","author":"Y Di","year":"2013","unstructured":"Di Y, Liu R, Chu RY et al (2013) Myopia induced by flickering light in guinea pigs: a detailed assessment on susceptibility of different frequencies. Int J Ophthalmol 6(2):115\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3980\/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.02.01","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5837_CR33","first-page":"1297","volume":"13","author":"MD Gottlieb","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gottlieb MD, Wallman J (1987) Retinal activity modulates eye growth: evidence from rearing in stroboscopic illumination. Soc Neurosci Abstr 13:1297","journal-title":"Soc Neurosci Abstr"},{"issue":"2","key":"5837_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)00370-6","volume":"686","author":"B Rohrer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rohrer B, Iuvone PM, Stell WK (1995) Stimulation of dopaminergic amacrine cells by stroboscopic illumination or fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, FGF-2) injections: possible roles in prevention of form-deprivation myopia in the chick. Brain Res 686(2):169\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0006-8993(95)00370-6","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"5837_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107822","volume":"189","author":"KK Chuang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chuang KK, Rucker FJ (2019) The role of dopamine in eye growth responses to color and luminance flicker in chicks. Exp Eye Res 189:107822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107822","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"5837_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2011.04.009","volume":"51","author":"TJ Lisney","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lisney TJ, Rubene D, R\u00f3zsa J et al (2011) Behavioural assessment of flicker fusion frequency in chicken Gallus gallus domesticus. Vision Res 51(12):1324\u20131332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.visres.2011.04.009","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"5837_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2012.04.002","volume":"62","author":"TJ Lisney","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lisney TJ, Ekesten B, Tauson R et al (2012) Using electroretinograms to assess flicker fusion frequency in domestic hens Gallus gallus domesticus. Vision Res 62:125\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.visres.2012.04.002","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"5837_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.03.014","volume":"90","author":"U Mathis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mathis U, Schaeffel F (2010) Transforming growth factor-beta in the chicken fundal layers: an immunohistochemical study. Exp Eye Res 90(6):780\u2013790. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2010.03.014","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"5837_CR39","first-page":"438","volume":"10","author":"SG Kramer","year":"1971","unstructured":"Kramer SG (1971) Dopamine: a retinal neurotransmitter .I. Retinal uptake, storage, and light-stimulated release of H3-dopamine in vivo. Invest Ophthalmol 10(6):438\u2013452","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5837_CR40","first-page":"1212","volume":"14","author":"PM Iuvone","year":"1978","unstructured":"Iuvone PM, Galli CL, Neff NH (1978) Retinal tyrosine hydroxylase: comparison of short-term and long-term stimulation by light. Mol Pharmacol 14(6):1212\u20131219","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5837_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00414464","volume":"215","author":"B Bauer","year":"1980","unstructured":"Bauer B, Ehinger B, Aberg L (1980) [3H]-dopamine release from the rabbit retina. Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol 215(2):71\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00414464","journal-title":"Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5837_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1017\/s0952523898151040","volume":"15","author":"MK Boelen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Boelen MK, Boelen MG, Marshak DW (1998) Light-stimulated release of dopamine from the primate retina is blocked by 1\u20132-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB). Vis Neurosci 15(1):97\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0952523898151040","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"key":"5837_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.08.004","volume":"103","author":"Y Cohen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cohen Y, Peleg E, Belkin M et al (2012) Ambient illuminance, retinal dopamine release and refractive development in chicks. Exp Eye Res 103:33\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2012.08.004","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"5837_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00145.x","volume":"76","author":"P Megaw","year":"2001","unstructured":"Megaw P, Morgan I, Boelen M (2001) Vitreal dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) as an index of retinal dopamine release. J Neurochem 76(6):1636\u20131644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00145.x","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"6","key":"5837_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.01.012","volume":"88","author":"DL Nickla","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nickla DL, Damyanova P, Lytle G (2009) Inhibiting the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase has similar effects on the compensatory choroidal and axial responses to myopic defocus in chicks as does the non-specific inhibitor L-NAME. Exp Eye Res 88(6):1092\u20131099. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2009.01.012","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"5837_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12054","volume":"33","author":"DL Nickla","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nickla DL, Zhu X, Wallman J (2013) Effects of muscarinic agents on chick choroids in intact eyes and eyecups: evidence for a muscarinic mechanism in choroidal thinning. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 33(3):245\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.12054","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"7","key":"5837_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2778","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22562","volume":"59","author":"BJ Carr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carr BJ, Mihara K, Ramachandran R et al (2018) Myopia-inhibiting concentrations of muscarinic receptor antagonists block activation of alpha2A-adrenoceptors in vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 59(7):2778\u20132791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.17-22562","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"5837_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2011.08.001","volume":"93","author":"DL Nickla","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nickla DL, Totonelly K (2011) Dopamine antagonists and brief vision distinguish lens-induced- and form-deprivation-induced myopia. Exp Eye Res 93(5):782\u2013785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2011.08.001","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"5837_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2006.01.029","volume":"83","author":"DL Nickla","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nickla DL, Wilken E, Lytle G et al (2006) Inhibiting the transient choroidal thickening response using the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor l-NAME prevents the ameliorative effects of visual experience on ocular growth in two different visual paradigms. Exp Eye Res 83(2):456\u2013464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2006.01.029","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"5837_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04051.x","volume":"21","author":"S Sekaran","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sekaran S, Cunningham J, Neal MJ et al (2005) Nitric oxide release is induced by dopamine during illumination of the carp retina: serial neurochemical control of light adaptation. Eur J Neurosci 21(8):2199\u20132208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04051.x","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5837_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-016-0002-7","volume":"6","author":"BJ Carr","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carr BJ, Stell WK (2016) Nitric Oxide (NO) Mediates the inhibition of form-deprivation myopia by atropine in chicks. Sci Rep 6(1):9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-016-0002-7","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"5837_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.12.20","volume":"62","author":"T Tian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tian T, Zou L, Wang S et al (2021) The role of dopamine in Emmetropization modulated by wavelength and temporal frequency in guinea pigs. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 62(12):20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.62.12.20","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"19","key":"5837_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1016\/s0042-6989(97)00114-4","volume":"37","author":"HN Schwahn","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schwahn HN, Schaeffel F (1997) Flicker parameters are different for suppression of myopia and hyperopia. Vision Res 37(19):2661\u20132673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0042-6989(97)00114-4","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"5837_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523804214110","volume":"21","author":"WA Luft","year":"2004","unstructured":"Luft WA, Iuvone PM, Stell WK (2004) Spatial, temporal, and intensive determinants of dopamine release in the chick retina. Vis Neurosci 21(4):627\u2013635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0952523804214110","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"key":"5837_CR55","first-page":"666","volume":"23","author":"X Luo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luo X, Li B, Li T et al (2017) Myopia induced by flickering light in guinea pig eyes is associated with increased rather than decreased dopamine release. Mol Vis 23:666\u2013679","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"issue":"2","key":"5837_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.2000.0940","volume":"72","author":"F Schr\u00f6dl","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6dl F, Schweigert M, Brehmer A et al (2001) Intrinsic neurons in the duck choroid are contacted by CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibres: evidence for a local pre-central reflex arc in the eye. Exp Eye Res 72(2):137\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/exer.2000.0940","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5837_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1096-9861(19990301)405:1<1::aid-cne1>3.0.co;2-u","volume":"405","author":"AJ Fischer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fischer AJ, Stell WK (1999) Nitric oxide synthase-containing cells in the retina, pigmented epithelium, choroid, and sclera of the chick eye. J Comp Neurol 405(1):1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(sici)1096-9861(19990301)405:1%3c1::aid-cne1%3e3.0.co;2-u","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5837_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410100362","volume":"304","author":"F Schr\u00f6dl","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6dl F, Tines R, Brehmer A et al (2001) Intrinsic choroidal neurons in the duck eye receive sympathetic input: anatomical evidence for adrenergic modulation of nitrergic functions in the choroid. Cell Tissue Res 304(2):175\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004410100362","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"5837_CR59","first-page":"673","volume":"37","author":"JW Kiel","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kiel JW, Lovell MO (1996) Adrenergic modulation of choroidal blood flow in the rabbit. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37(4):673\u2013679","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"5837_CR60","first-page":"627","volume":"294","author":"JJ Steinle","year":"2000","unstructured":"Steinle JJ, Smith PG (2000) Presynaptic muscarinic facilitation of parasympathetic neurotransmission after sympathectomy in the rat choroid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 294(2):627\u2013632","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"5837_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.12.001","volume":"64","author":"A Reiner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reiner A, Fitzgerald MEC, Del Mar N et al (2018) Neural control of choroidal blood flow. Prog Retin Eye Res 64:96\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.12.001","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"5837_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1994.1157","volume":"59","author":"MC Koss","year":"1994","unstructured":"Koss MC (1994) Adrenoceptor mechanisms in epinephrine-induced anterior choroidal vasoconstriction in cats. Exp Eye Res 59:715\u2013722","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5837_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/s0014-2999(98)00790-0","volume":"363","author":"M Kawarai","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kawarai M, Koss MC (1998) Sympathetic vasoconstriction in the rat anterior choroid is mediated by alpha1-adrenoceptors. Eur J Pharmacol 363(1):35\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0014-2999(98)00790-0","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"5837_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2003.11.007","volume":"78","author":"F Schr\u00f6dl","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6dl F, De Stefano ME, Reese S et al (2004) Comparative anatomy of nitrergic intrinsic choroidal neurons (ICN) in various avian species. Exp Eye Res 78:187\u2013196","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"5837_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-010-0723-9","volume":"134","author":"K St\u00fcbinger","year":"2010","unstructured":"St\u00fcbinger K, Brehmer A, Neuhuber WL et al (2010) Intrinsic choroidal neurons in the chicken eye: chemical coding and synaptic input. Histochem Cell Biol 134:145\u2013157","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"5837_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s004290050060","volume":"195","author":"ME De Stefano","year":"1997","unstructured":"De Stefano ME, Mugnaini E (1997) Fine structure of the choroidal coat of the avian eye. Anat Embryol 195:393\u2013418","journal-title":"Anat Embryol"},{"key":"5837_CR67","first-page":"1765","volume":"39","author":"V Poukens","year":"1998","unstructured":"Poukens V, Glasgow BJ, Demer JL (1998) Nonvascular contractile cells in sclera and choroid of humans and monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39:1765\u20131774","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"5837_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1997.0420","volume":"66","author":"DL Nickla","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nickla DL, Wildsoet C, Wallman J (1998) Visual influences on diurnal rhythms in ocular length and choroidal thickness in chick eyes. Exp Eye Res 66:163\u2013181","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"5837_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689308999467","volume":"12","author":"YF Shih","year":"1993","unstructured":"Shih YF, Fitzgerald ME, Norton TT et al (1993) Reduction in choroidal blood flow occurs in chicks wearing goggles that induce eye growth toward myopia. Curr Eye Res 12:219\u2013227","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"5837_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00242-E","volume":"35","author":"A Reiner","year":"1995","unstructured":"Reiner A, Shih YF, Fitzgerald ME (1995) The relationship of choroidal blood flow and accommodation to the control of ocular growth. Vision Res 35:1227\u20131245","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"5837_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.2002.1142","volume":"74","author":"ME Fitzgerald","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fitzgerald ME, Wildsoet CF, Reiner A (2002) Temporal relationship of choroidal blood flow and thickness changes during recovery from form deprivation myopia in chicks. Exp Eye Res 74:561\u2013570","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"}],"container-title":["Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-022-05837-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00417-022-05837-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-022-05837-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T12:16:15Z","timestamp":1673525775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00417-022-05837-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["5837"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-022-05837-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0721-832X","1435-702X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0721-832X","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-702X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 June 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 August 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 October 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All applicable international, national, and\/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}