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Limbal and bulbar redness classification, lipid layer thickness (LLT), tear meniscus height (TMH), first and mean noninvasive tear break-up time (FNIBUT and MNIBUT, respectively), and Meibomian glands loss (MGL) were assessment through the ICP Ocular Surface Analyzer (OSA). Schirmer\u2019s I test (SIT), the fluorescein tear break-up time test (TFBUT), OSDI and SPEED questionnaires, and percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were also tested.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The T1DM group showed higher limbal and bulbar redness (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.010) and lower LLT (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), TMH (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), FNIBUT (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), MNIBUT (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), SIT (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001), and TFBUT (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) than the control group. A higher percentage of MGL was found in the T1DM group in the upper (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.097) and lower (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) eyelids. No significant differences were found in dry eye symptoms across the OSDI and SPEED questionnaires between the two groups.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Patients with T1DM\u00a0without signs of retinopathy showed involvement of the mucoaqueous and lipid layers of the tear film, as well as a higher percentage of MGL, using a noninvasive analyzer. Dry eye disease in people with T1DM cannot be ruled out by anamnesis and subjective symptom questionnaires alone; therefore, these patients should undergo regular anterior pole examinations.<\/jats:p>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05934-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T10:12:19Z","timestamp":1670926339000},"page":"1483-1492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Tear film layers and meibomian gland assessment in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using a noninvasive ocular surface analyzer: a cross-sectional case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"261","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda-Carmen","family":"Silva-Viguera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"P\u00e9rez-Barea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8317-5014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda-Jos\u00e9","family":"Bautista-Llamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"5934_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-S002","volume":"43","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2020","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2020) Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes-2020. 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