{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T02:32:42Z","timestamp":1789785162196,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,21]],"date-time":"2023-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674259200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,21]],"date-time":"2023-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014374","name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract\n<\/jats:title><jats:p>Strabismus is not a condition in itself but the consequence of an underlying problem. Eye misalignment can be caused by disease, injury, and\/or abnormalities in any of the structures and processes involved in visual perception and oculomotor control, from the extraocular muscles and their innervations to the oculomotor and visual processing areas in the brain. A small percentage of all strabismus cases are the consequence of well-described genetic syndromes, acquired insult, or disease affecting the extraocular muscles (EOMs) or their innervations. We will refer to them as strabismus of peripheral origin since their etiology lies in the peripheral nervous system. However, in most strabismus cases, that is comitant, non-restrictive, non-paralytic strabismus, the EOMs and their innervations function properly. These cases are not related to specific syndromes and their precise causes remain poorly understood. They are generally believed to be caused by deficits in the central neural pathways involved in visual perception and oculomotor control. Therefore, we will refer to them as central strabismus. The goal of this narrative review is to discuss the possible causes behind this particular type of eye misalignment and to raise awareness among eyecare professionals about the important role the central nervous system plays in strabismus etiology, and the subsequent implications regarding its treatment. A non-systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases with the keywords \u201corigins,\u201d \u201ccauses,\u201d and \u201cetiology\u201d combined with \u201cstrabismus.\u201d A snowball approach was also used to find relevant references. In the following article, we will first describe EOM integrity in central strabismus; next, we will address numerous reasons that support the idea of central nervous system (CNS) involvement in the origin of the deviation, followed by listing several possible central causes of the ocular misalignment. Finally, we will discuss the implications CNS etiology has on strabismus treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05935-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,21]],"date-time":"2023-01-21T08:02:46Z","timestamp":1674288166000},"page":"1781-1792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Comitant strabismus etiology: extraocular muscle integrity and central nervous system involvement\u2014a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"261","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5261-0797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernat","family":"Sunyer-Grau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Llu\u00efsa","family":"Quevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Vallejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Argil\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"5935_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/s0275-5408(97)00037-9","volume":"17","author":"D Stidwill","year":"1997","unstructured":"Stidwill D (1997) Epidemiology of strabismus. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 17:536\u2013539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0275-5408(97)00037-9","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"5935_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700138","volume":"16","author":"NG Ziakas","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ziakas NG, Woodruff G, Smith LK, Thompson JR (2002) A study of hereditary as a risk factor in strabismus. Eye 16:519\u2013521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.eye.6700138","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"5935_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.053678","volume":"89","author":"A Arora","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arora A, Williams B, Arora AK, McNamara R, Yates J, Fielder A (2005) Decreasing strabismus surgery. Br J Ophthalmol 89:409\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.2004.053678","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.05.072","volume":"114","author":"AE Greenberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Greenberg AE, Mohney BG, Diehl NN, Burke JP (2007) Incidence and types of childhood esotropia. A population-based study Ophthalmology 114:170\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.05.072","journal-title":"A population-based study Ophthalmology"},{"key":"5935_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dagi LR, Velez FG, Archer SM, Stager Sr DR, Stager Jr D, Capo H (2019) Adult strabismus preferred practice pattern 2019 - American Academy of Ophthalmology. 127:182\u2013298 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.09.023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.09.023"},{"key":"5935_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3411","DOI":"10.1167\/IOVS.09-4461","volume":"51","author":"A Chia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chia A, Dirani M, Chan Y-H, Gazzard G, Au Eong K-G, Selvaraj P, Ling Y, Quah B-L, Young TL, Mitchell P, Varma R, Wong T-Y, Saw S-M (2010) Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in young singaporean chinese children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51:3411\u20133417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/IOVS.09-4461","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"5935_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2014.00071","volume":"8","author":"E Bui Quoc","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bui Quoc E, Milleret C (2014) Origins of strabismus and loss of binocular vision. Front Integr Neurosci 8:71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnint.2014.00071","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"5935_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1994.01090220099030","volume":"112","author":"E Chew","year":"1994","unstructured":"Chew E, Remaley NA, Tamboli A, Zhao J, Podgor MJ, Klebanoff M (1994) Risk factors for esotropia and exotropia. Arch Ophthalmol 112:1349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.1994.01090220099030","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2012.22","volume":"15","author":"PG Sanfilippo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sanfilippo PG, Hammond CJ, Staffieri SE, Kearns LS, Melissa Liew SH, Barbour JM, Hewitt AW, Ge D, Snieder H, Mackinnon JR, Brown SA, Lorenz B, Spector TD, Martin NG, Wilmer JB, Mackey DA (2012) Heritability of strabismus: genetic influence is specific to eso-deviation and independent of refractive error. Twin Res Hum Genet 15:624\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/thg.2012.22","journal-title":"Twin Res Hum Genet"},{"key":"5935_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.4001","volume":"131","author":"GDE Maconachie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maconachie GDE, Gottlob I, McLean RJ (2013) Risk factors and genetics in common comitant strabismus: a systematic review of the literature. JAMA Ophthalmol 131:1179\u20131186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.4001","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.159698","volume":"22","author":"R Clark","year":"2015","unstructured":"Clark R (2015) The role of extraocular muscle pulleys in incomitant non-paralytic strabismus. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 22:279\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0974-9233.159698","journal-title":"Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1203\/01.pdr.0000200797.91630.08","volume":"59","author":"EC Engle","year":"2006","unstructured":"Engle EC (2006) The genetic basis of complex strabismus. Pediatr Res 59:343\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1203\/01.pdr.0000200797.91630.08","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"5935_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.12367","volume":"86","author":"XC Ye","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ye XC, Pegado V, Patel MS, Wasserman WW (2014) Strabismus genetics across a spectrum of eye misalignment disorders. Clin Genet 86:103\u2013111","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"key":"5935_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.116905","volume":"91","author":"A Chia","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chia A, Roy L, Seenyen L (2007) Comitant horizontal strabismus: an Asian perspective. Br J Ophthalmol 91:1337\u20131340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.2007.116905","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.048413","volume":"88","author":"FG Velez","year":"2004","unstructured":"Velez FG, Thocker N, Britt MT, Rosenbaum AL (2004) Cause of V pattern strabismus in craniosynostosis: a case report. Br J Ophthalmol 88:1598\u20131599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.2004.048413","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000228","volume":"35","author":"JH Peragallo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Peragallo JH, Pineles SL, Demer JL (2015) Recent advances clarifying the etiologies of strabismus. J Neuro-Ophthalmology 35:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000228","journal-title":"J Neuro-Ophthalmology"},{"key":"5935_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70069-8","volume":"117","author":"NJ Izquierdo","year":"1994","unstructured":"Izquierdo NJ, Traboulsi EI, Enger C, Maumenee IH (1994) Strabismus in the Marfan syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 117:632\u2013635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70069-8","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0034","DOI":"10.5041\/rmmj.10261","volume":"7","author":"Y Gazit","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gazit Y, Jacob G, Grahame R (2016) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome\u2014hypermobility type: a much neglected multisystemic disorder. Rambam Maimonides Med J 7:e0034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5041\/rmmj.10261","journal-title":"Rambam Maimonides Med J"},{"key":"5935_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.11.006","volume":"189","author":"MJ Wan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wan MJ, Chiu H, Shah AS, Hunter DG (2018) Long-term surgical outcomes for large-angle infantile esotropia. Am J Ophthalmol 189:155\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.11.006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chougule P, Kekunnaya R (2019) Surgical management of intermittent exotropia: do we have an answer for all? BMJ Open Ophthalmol 4.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjophth-2018-000243","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2018-000243"},{"key":"5935_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JFO.2018.12.031","volume":"42","author":"F Audren","year":"2019","unstructured":"Audren F (2019) Intermittent exotropia. J Fr Ophtalmol 42:1007\u20131019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JFO.2018.12.031","journal-title":"J Fr Ophtalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR22","unstructured":"Guidelines for the Management of Strabismus in Childhood (2012) The Royal College of\nOphthalmologists\u00a02012. Scientific Department, London. https:\/\/www.rcophth.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/2012-SCI-250-Guidelines-for-Management-of-Strabismusin-Childhood-2012.pdf"},{"key":"5935_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3109\/09273972.2013.877940","volume":"22","author":"AKC Chiu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chiu AKC, Din N, Ali N (2014) Standardising reported outcomes of surgery for intermittent exotropia \u2014 a systematic literature review. Strabismus 22:32\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/09273972.2013.877940","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"5935_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2014.29","volume":"28","author":"A Awadein","year":"2014","unstructured":"Awadein A, Eltanamly RM, Elshazly M (2014) Intermittent exotropia: relation between age and surgical outcome: A change-point analysis. Eye 28:587\u2013593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.2014.29","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"5935_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2016.07.13","volume":"9","author":"FLM Chew","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chew FLM, Gesite-De Leon BU, Quah BL (2016) Post-operative strabismus control and motor alignment for basic intermittent exotropia. Int J Ophthalmol 9:1011\u20131015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18240\/ijo.2016.07.13","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang M, Chen J, Shen T, Kang Y, Deng D, Lin X, Wu H, Chen Q, Ye X, Li J, Yan J (2016) Clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes in patients with intermittent exotropia a large sample study in South China. Med (United States) 95.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000002590","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002590"},{"key":"5935_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-017-0501-5","volume":"61","author":"Y Kimura","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kimura Y, Kimura T (2017) Comparative study of plication\u2013recession versus resection\u2013recession in unilateral surgery for intermittent exotropia. Jpn J Ophthalmol 61:286\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10384-017-0501-5","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2017.1337154","volume":"42","author":"H Jeon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jeon H, Jung J, Choi H (2017) Long-term surgical outcomes of early surgery for intermittent exotropia in children less than 4 years of Aage. Curr Eye Res 42:1435\u20131439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02713683.2017.1337154","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"5935_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1080\/08820538.2017.1320414","volume":"33","author":"A Magli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Magli A, Esposito Veneruso P, Chiariello Vecchio E, Esposito G, Rombetto L (2018) Divergence excess intermittent exotropia: long-term effect of augmented bilateral lateral rectus recession. Semin Ophthalmol 33:512\u2013516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08820538.2017.1320414","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2005.06.007","volume":"9","author":"L Tychsen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tychsen L (2005) Can ophthalmologists repair the brain in infantile esotropia? Early surgery, stereopsis, monofixation syndrome, and the legacy of Marshall Parks. J AAPOS 9:510\u2013521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaapos.2005.06.007","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"5935_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1358\/dof.2005.030.03.891455","volume":"30","author":"LK McLoon","year":"2005","unstructured":"McLoon LK, Christiansen SP (2005) Pharmacological approaches for the treatment of strabismus. Drugs Future 30:319\u2013327","journal-title":"Drugs Future"},{"key":"5935_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0249","volume":"48","author":"VE Das","year":"2007","unstructured":"Das VE, Mustari MJ (2007) Correlation of cross-axis eye movements and motoneuron activity in non-human primates with \u201cA\u201d pattern strabismus. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48:665\u2013674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.06-0249","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"5935_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2007.11.010","volume":"12","author":"L Tychsen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tychsen L, Richards M, Wong A, Foeller P, Burhkalter A, Narasimhan A, Demer J (2008) Spectrum of infantile esotropia in primates: behavior, brains, and orbits. J AAPOS 12:375\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaapos.2007.11.010","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"5935_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2007.00853.x","volume":"85","author":"G Lennerstrand","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lennerstrand G (2007) Strabismus and eye muscle function. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 85:711\u2013723","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"5935_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5168","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9785","volume":"53","author":"AL Altick","year":"2012","unstructured":"Altick AL, Feng CY, Schlauch K, Alan Johnson L, von Bartheld CS (2012) Differences in gene expression between strabismic and normal human extraocular muscles. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 53:5168\u20135177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.12-9785","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"5935_CR36","first-page":"e419","volume":"92","author":"MPM Ten Tusscher","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ten Tusscher MPM (2014) Does dominance of crossing retinal ganglion cells make the eyes cross? the temporal retina in the origin of infantile esotropia \u2014 a neuroanatomical and evolutionary analysis. Acta Ophthalmol 92:e419\u2013e423","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1980.01020030529020","volume":"98","author":"AJ Mart\u00ednez","year":"1980","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez AJ, Biglan AW, Hiles DA (1980) Structural features of extraocular muscles of children with strabismus. Arch Ophthalmol 98:533\u2013539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.1980.01020030529020","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR38","first-page":"119","volume":"111","author":"D Stager","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stager D, McLoon LK, Felius J (2013) Postulating a role for connective tissue elements in inferior oblique muscle overaction. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 111:119\u2013132","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"5935_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.10.019","volume":"18","author":"R Rabinowitz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rabinowitz R, Demer JL (2014) Muscle path length in horizontal strabismus. J AAPOS 18:4\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.10.019","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"5935_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0662","volume":"48","author":"A Narasimhan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Narasimhan A, Tychsen L, Poukens V, Demer JL (2007) Horizontal rectus muscle anatomy in naturally and artificially strabismic monkeys. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48:2576\u20132588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.06-0662","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"5935_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2012.09.016","volume":"17","author":"K Schoeff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schoeff K, Chaudhuri Z, Demer JL (2013) Functional magnetic resonance imaging of horizontal rectus muscles in esotropia. J AAPOS 17:16\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaapos.2012.09.016","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"5935_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.05.053","volume":"123","author":"R Hao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hao R, Suh SY, Le A, Demer JL (2016) Rectus extraocular muscle size and pulley location in concomitant and pattern exotropia. Ophthalmology 123:2004\u20132012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.05.053","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"5935_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/01913123.2019.1671927","volume":"43","author":"Y Al-Falki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al-Falki Y, Al-Shraim M, Alsabaani NA, Eid RA, Radad K (2019) Ultrastructural changes of extraocular muscles in strabismus patients. Ultrastruct Pathol 43:145\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01913123.2019.1671927","journal-title":"Ultrastruct Pathol"},{"key":"5935_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-019-01197-3","volume":"40","author":"T Shen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shen T, Lin J, Li X, Deng D (2020) Intermediate filaments in the medial rectus muscles in patients with concomitant exotropia. Int Ophthalmol 40:403\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-019-01197-3","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2012.1149","volume":"7","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Deng D, Long C, Jin G, Zhang Q, Shen H (2013) Abnormal expression of seven myogenesis-related genes in extraocular muscles of patients with concomitant strabismus. Mol Med Rep 7:217\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/mmr.2012.1149","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"5935_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5576","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20294","volume":"57","author":"AB Agarwal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Agarwal AB, Feng CY, Altick AL, Quilici DR, Wen D, Alan Johnson L, von Bartheld CS (2016) Altered protein composition and gene expression in strabismic human extraocular muscles and tendons. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 57:5576\u20135585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.16-20294","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"5935_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2010.00467.x","volume":"5","author":"C English","year":"2010","unstructured":"English C, McLennan H, Thoirs K, Coates A, Bernhardt J (2010) Loss of skeletal muscle mass after stroke: a systematic review. Int J Stroke 5:395\u2013402","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"5935_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2017.1292720","volume":"24","author":"JL Hunnicutt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hunnicutt JL, Gregory CM (2017) Skeletal muscle changes following stroke: a systematic review and comparison to healthy individuals. Top Stroke Rehabil 24:463\u2013471","journal-title":"Top Stroke Rehabil"},{"key":"5935_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3138\/ptc.2011-03","volume":"64","author":"V Gray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gray V, Rice CL, Garland SJ (2012) Factors that influence muscle weakness following stroke and their clinical implications: a critical review. Physiother Canada 64:415\u2013426","journal-title":"Physiother Canada"},{"key":"5935_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-019-01196-4","volume":"19","author":"N Jalal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jalal N, Gracies JM, Zidi M (2020) Mechanical and microstructural changes of skeletal muscle following immobilization and\/or stroke. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 19:61\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10237-019-01196-4","journal-title":"Biomech Model Mechanobiol"},{"key":"5935_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19940301-05","volume":"31","author":"AB Scott","year":"1994","unstructured":"Scott AB (1994) Change of eye muscle sarcomeres according to eye position. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 31:85\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/0191-3913-19940301-05","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"5935_CR52","first-page":"563","volume":"74","author":"A Hayat","year":"1978","unstructured":"Hayat A, Tardieu C, Tabary J, Tabary C (1978) Effects of denervation on the reduction of sarcomere number in cat soleus muscle immobilized in shortened position during seven days. J Physiol 74:563\u2013567","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"5935_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880040305","volume":"4","author":"J-C Tabary","year":"1981","unstructured":"Tabary J-C, Tardieu C, Tardieu G, Tabary C (1981) Experimental rapid sarcomere loss with concomitant hypoextensibility. Muscle Nerve 4:198\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.880040305","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"5935_CR54","first-page":"109","volume":"158","author":"PE Williams","year":"1988","unstructured":"Williams PE, Catanese T, Lucey EG, Goldspink G (1988) The importance of stretch and contractile activity in the prevention of connective tissue accumulation in muscle. J Anat 158:109\u201310914","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"5935_CR55","unstructured":"Guyton DL (2006) The 10th Bielschowsky Lecture. Changes in strabismus over time: the roles of vergence tonus and muscle length adaptation - PubMed. In: Binocul. Vis. Strabismus Q. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16792523\/. Accessed 9 Jan 2021"},{"key":"5935_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bae GH, Bae SH, Choi DG (2019) Surgical outcomes of intermittent exotropia according to exotropia type based on distance\/near differences. PLoS One 14.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0214478","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0214478"},{"key":"5935_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1136\/BJO.86.8.923","volume":"86","author":"AJ Vivian","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vivian AJ, Lyons CJ, Burke J (2002) Controversy in the management of convergence excess esotropia. Br J Ophthalmol 86:923\u2013929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/BJO.86.8.923","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"5935_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2000.17","volume":"14","author":"PM Pennefather","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pennefather PM, Tin W (2000) Ocular abnormalities associated with cerebral palsy after preterm birth. Eye (Lond) 14(Pt 1):78\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.2000.17","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"318","key":"5935_CR59","first-page":"323","volume":"109","author":"NK Sasmal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sasmal NK, Maiti P, Mandal R, Das D, Sarkar S, Sarkar P, Biswas MC, Dey AK, Chatterjee S (2011) Ocular manifestations in children with cerebral palsy. J Indian Med Assoc 109(318):323","journal-title":"J Indian Med Assoc"},{"key":"5935_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-016-0367-1","volume":"16","author":"MJ Park","year":"2016","unstructured":"Park MJ, Yoo YJ, Chung CY, Hwang J-M (2016) Ocular findings in patients with spastic type cerebral palsy. BMC Ophthalmol 16:195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12886-016-0367-1","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.297","volume":"164","author":"S Pathai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pathai S, Cumberland PM, Rahi JS (2010) Prevalence of and early-life influences on childhood strabismus. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 164:250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.297","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"5935_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20060101-03","volume":"43","author":"NS Yurdakul","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yurdakul NS, Ugurlu S, Maden A (2006) Strabismus in Down syndrome. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 43:27\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/01913913-20060101-03","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"5935_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.12.051","volume":"111","author":"J van Splunder","year":"2004","unstructured":"van Splunder J, Stilma JS, Bernsen RM, Evenhuis HM (2004) Prevalence of ocular diagnoses found on screening 1539 adults with intellectual disabilities. Ophthalmology 111:1457\u20131463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.12.051","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"5935_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.5.514","volume":"83","author":"PM Pennefather","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pennefather PM, Clarke MP, Strong NP, Cottrell DG, Dutton J, Tin W (1999) Risk factors for strabismus in children born before 32 weeks\u2019 gestation. Br J Ophthalmol 83:514\u2013518","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2012-101378","volume":"50","author":"AM Alazami","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alazami AM, Hijazi H, Al-Dosari MS, Shaheen R, Hashem A, Aldahmesh MA, Mohamed JY, Kentab A, Salih MA, Awaji A, Masoodi TA, Alkuraya FS (2013) Mutation in ADAT3, encoding adenosine deaminase acting on transfer RNA, causes intellectual disability and strabismus. J Med Genet 50:425\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jmedgenet-2012-101378","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"5935_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-308769","volume":"101","author":"H Jeon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jeon H, Jung J, Kim H, Yeom JA, Choi H (2017) Strabismus in children with white matter damage of immaturity: MRI correlation. Br J Ophthalmol 101:467\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-308769","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.07.033","volume":"112","author":"M Govindan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Govindan M, Mohney BG, Diehl NN, Burke JP (2005) Incidence and types of childhood exotropia: a population-based study. Ophthalmology 112:104\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.07.033","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"5935_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00878537","volume":"243","author":"MS Fowler","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fowler MS, Wade DT, Richardson AJ, Stein JF (1996) Squints and diplopia seen after brain damage. J Neurol 243:86\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00878537","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"5935_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optm.2006.11.011","volume":"78","author":"KJ Ciuffreda","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ciuffreda KJ, Kapoor N, Rutner D, Suchoff IB, Han ME, Craig S (2007) Occurrence of oculomotor dysfunctions in acquired brain injury: a retrospective analysis. Optometry 78:155\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.optm.2006.11.011","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"5935_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afn230","volume":"38","author":"F Rowe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rowe F, Brand D, Jackson CA, Price A, Walker L, Harrison S, Eccleston C, Scott C, Akerman N, Dodridge C, Howard C, Shipman T, Sperring U, Macdiarmid S, Freeman C (2009) Visual impairment following stroke: do stroke patients require vision assessment? Age Ageing 38:188\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afn230","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"5935_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rowe FJ, Hanna K, Evans JR, Noonan CP, Garcia-Finana M, Dodridge CS, Howard C, Jarvis KA, Macdiarmid SL, Maan T, North L, Rodgers H (2018) Interventions for eye movement disorders due to acquired brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev\u00a03(3):CD011290.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD011290.pub2","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011290.pub2"},{"key":"5935_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pierrot-Deseilligny C (2011) Nuclear, internuclear, and supranuclear ocular motor disorders. Handb Clin Neurol.\u00a0102:319-31.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-52903-9.00018-2","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52903-9.00018-2"},{"key":"5935_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.06.032","volume":"118","author":"SA Cotter","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cotter SA, Varma R, Tarczy-Hornoch K, McKean-Cowdin R, Lin J, Wen G, Wei J, Borchert M, Azen SP, Torres M, Tielsch JM, Friedman DS, Repka MX, Katz J, Ibironke J, Giordano L, Joint Writing Committee for the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study and the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study Groups (2011) Risk factors associated with childhood strabismus: the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease and Baltimore pediatric eye disease studies. Ophthalmology 118:2251\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.06.032","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"5935_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1992.01080220121033","volume":"110","author":"RB Hakim","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hakim RB, Tielsch JM (1992) Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy: a risk factor for childhood strabismus. Arch Ophthalmol 110:1459\u20131462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.1992.01080220121033","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.297","volume":"164","author":"S Pathai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pathai S, Cumberland PM, Rahi JS (2010) Prevalence of and early-life influences on childhood strabismus: findings from the millennium cohort study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 164:250\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.297","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"5935_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.187","volume":"20","author":"S Karama","year":"2015","unstructured":"Karama S, Ducharme S, Corley J, Chouinard-Decorte F, Starr JM, Wardlaw JM, Bastin ME, Deary IJ (2015) Cigarette smoking and thinning of the brain\u2019s cortex. Mol Psychiatry 20:778\u2013785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2014.187","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"5935_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00610-3","volume":"55","author":"AL Brody","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brody AL, Mandelkern MA, Jarvik ME, Lee GS, Smith EC, Huang JC, Bota RG, Bartzokis G, London ED (2004) Differences between smokers and nonsmokers in regional gray matter volumes and densities. Biol Psychiatry 55:77\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00610-3","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"5935_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/ALCALC\/37.1.2","volume":"37","author":"K Str\u00f6mland","year":"2002","unstructured":"Str\u00f6mland K, Dolores Pinazo-Dur\u00e1n M (2002) Ophthalmic involvement in the fetal alcohol syndrome: clinical and animal model studies. Alcohol 37:2\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ALCALC\/37.1.2","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"5935_CR79","first-page":"13","volume":"6","author":"BB Bruce","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bruce BB, Biousse V, Dean AL, Newman NJ (2009) Neurologic and ophthalmic manifestations of fetal alcohol syndrome. Rev Neurol Dis 6:13\u201320","journal-title":"Rev Neurol Dis"},{"key":"5935_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.02.004","volume":"156","author":"K Spiteri Cornish","year":"2013","unstructured":"Spiteri Cornish K, Hrabovsky M, Scott NW, Myerscough E, Reddy AR (2013) The short- and long-term effects on the visual system of children following exposure to maternal substance misuse in pregnancy. Am J Ophthalmol 156:190\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.02.004","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Buck D, Powell CJ, Rahi J, Cumberland P, Tiffin P, Taylor R, Sloper J, Davis H, Dawson E, Clarke MP (2012) The improving outcomes in intermittent exotropia study: outcomes at 2 years after diagnosis in an observational cohort. BMC Ophthalmol 12.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2415-12-1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-12-1"},{"key":"5935_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/09273972.2017.1318929","volume":"25","author":"F Yulek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yulek F, Velez FG, Isenberg SJ, Demer JL, Pineles SL (2017) Binocular summation and control of intermittent exotropia. Strabismus 25:81\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09273972.2017.1318929","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"5935_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2003.027615","volume":"88","author":"H Haggerty","year":"2004","unstructured":"Haggerty H, Richardson S, Hrisos S, Strong NP, Clarke MP (2004) The Newcastle Control Score: a new method of grading the severity of intermittent distance exotropia. Br J Ophthalmol 88:233\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.2003.027615","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2017.04.007","volume":"21","author":"C Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang C, Wang L, Ren M, Wang Q (2017) Far distance control scores for assessing intermittent exotropia. J AAPOS 21:278\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaapos.2017.04.007","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"5935_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohney BG, Holmes JM (2006) An office-based scale for assessing control in intermittent exotropia. Strabismus\u00a014(3):147\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09273970600894716","DOI":"10.1080\/09273970600894716"},{"key":"5935_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2019.02.017","volume":"54","author":"Y Moon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moon Y, Kim H, Kim DH, Lim HT (2019) LACTOSE control scoring helps predict surgical outcomes for childhood intermittent exotropia. Can J Ophthalmol 54:659\u2013663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcjo.2019.02.017","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(01)01316-2","volume":"133","author":"RW Beck","year":"2002","unstructured":"Beck RW (2002) Spontaneous resolution of early-onset esotropia: Experience of the congenital esotropia observational study. Am J Ophthalmol 133:109\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9394(01)01316-2","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2005.11.015","volume":"10","author":"A Chia","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chia A, Seenyen L, Long QB (2006) Surgical experiences with two-muscle surgery for the treatment of intermittent exotropia. J AAPOS 10:206\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaapos.2005.11.015","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"5935_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20100106-04","volume":"47","author":"PL Leow","year":"2010","unstructured":"Leow PL, Ko STC, Wu PKW, Chan CWN (2010) Exotropic drift and ocular alignment after surgical correction for intermittent exotropia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 47:12\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/01913913-20100106-04","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"5935_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2018.11.007","volume":"23","author":"F Xie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xie F, Zhao K, Zhang W (2019) Comparison of surgical outcomes between bilateral recession and unilateral recession-resection in moderate-angle intermittent exotropia. J AAPOS 23:79.e1-79.e7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaapos.2018.11.007","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"5935_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alvarez TL, Vicci VR, Alkan Y, Kim EH, Gohel S, Barrett AM, Chiaravalloti N, Biswal BB (2010) Vision therapy in adults with convergence insufficiency: clinical and functional magnetic resonance imaging measures. Optom Vis\nSci\u00a087(12):E985\u20131002.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181fef1aa","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181fef1aa"},{"key":"5935_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2014.00050","volume":"8","author":"TL Alvarez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alvarez TL, Jaswal R, Gohel S, Biswal BB (2014) Functional activity within the frontal eye fields, posterior parietal cortex, and cerebellar vermis significantly correlates to symmetrical vergence peak velocity: an ROI-based, fMRI study of vergence training. Front Integr Neurosci 8:50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnint.2014.00050","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"5935_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3276","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.7006","volume":"16","author":"J Ouyang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ouyang J, Yang L, Huang X, Zhong YL, Hu PH, Zhang Y, Pei CG, Shao Y (2017) The atrophy of white and gray matter volume in patientswith comitant strabismus: Evidence from a voxel-based morphometry study. Mol Med Rep 16:3276\u20133282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/mmr.2017.7006","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"5935_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4832","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2019.10147","volume":"19","author":"Y Shao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shao Y, Li QH, Li B, Lin Q, Su T, Shi WQ, Zhu PW, Yuan Q, Shu YQ, He Y, Liu WF, Ye L (2019) Altered brain activity in patients with strabismus and amblyopia detected by analysis of regional homogeneity: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Mol Med Rep 19:4832\u20134840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/mmr.2019.10147","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"5935_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S105478","volume":"12","author":"X Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huang X, Li SH, Zhou FQ, Zhang Y, Zhong YL, Cai FQ, Shao Y, Zeng XJ (2016) Altered intrinsic regional brain spontaneous activity in patients with comitant strabismus: a resting-state functional MRI study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 12:1303\u20131308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/NDT.S105478","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"5935_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000368","volume":"24","author":"X Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang X, Zhang J, Lang L, Gong Q, Liu L (2014) Assessment of cortical dysfunction in infantile esotropia using fMRI. Eur J Ophthalmol 24:409\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5301\/ejo.5000368","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.02.021","volume":"22","author":"ST Chan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chan ST, Tang KW, Lam KC, Chan LK, Mendola JD, Kwong KK (2004) Neuroanatomy of adult strabismus: a voxel-based morphometric analysis of magnetic resonance structural scans. Neuroimage 22:986\u2013994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.02.021","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"5935_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(92)90344-8","volume":"15","author":"MA Goodale","year":"1992","unstructured":"Goodale MA, Milner AD (1992) Separate visual pathways for perception and action. Trends Neurosci 15:20\u201325","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"5935_CR99","first-page":"693","volume-title":"Migraine. In: Neurobiology of brain disorders: biological basis of neurological and psychiatric disorders","author":"D Borsook","year":"2015","unstructured":"Borsook D, Maleki N, Burstein R (2015) Migraine. In: Neurobiology of brain disorders: biological basis of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Elsevier Inc., pp 693\u2013708"},{"key":"5935_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl004","volume":"129","author":"AE Cavanna","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cavanna AE, Trimble MR (2006) The precuneus: a review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates. Brain 129:564\u2013583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awl004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"5935_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04176.x","volume":"22","author":"N Wenderoth","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wenderoth N, Debaere F, Sunaert S, Swinnen SP (2005) The role of anterior cingulate cortex and precuneus in the coordination of motor behaviour. Eur J Neurosci 22:235\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04176.x","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"5935_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1995.75.2.323","volume":"75","author":"P Buisseret","year":"1995","unstructured":"Buisseret P (1995) Influence of extraocular muscle proprioception on vision. Physiol Rev 75:323\u2013338","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"5935_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(87)90103-9","volume":"27","author":"MJ Steinbach","year":"1987","unstructured":"Steinbach MJ (1987) Proprioceptive knowledge of eye position. Vision Res 27:1737\u20131744. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0042-6989(87)90103-9","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"5935_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1136\/BJO.84.9.1071","volume":"84","author":"CR Weir","year":"2000","unstructured":"Weir CR, Knox PC, Dutton GN (2000) Does extraocular muscle proprioception influence oculomotor control? Br J Ophthalmol 84:1071\u20131074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/BJO.84.9.1071","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SURVOPHTHAL.2005.12.008","volume":"51","author":"MC Brodsky","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brodsky MC, Donahue SP, Vaphiades M, Brandt T (2006) Skew deviation revisited. Surv Ophthalmol 51:105\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.SURVOPHTHAL.2005.12.008","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JAAPOS.2009.11.009","volume":"14","author":"SP Donahue","year":"2010","unstructured":"Donahue SP, Itharat P (2010) A-pattern strabismus with overdepression in adduction: a special type of bilateral skew deviation? J AAPOS Off Publ Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 14:42\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JAAPOS.2009.11.009","journal-title":"J AAPOS Off Publ Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"5935_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROSCIENCE.2007.08.038","volume":"152","author":"KF Schmidt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmidt KF, L\u00f6wel S (2008) Strabismus modifies intrinsic and inter-areal connections in cat area 18. Neuroscience 152:128\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEUROSCIENCE.2007.08.038","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"5935_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yan X, Lin X, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Song S, Jiang T (2010) Dorsal visual pathway changes in patients with comitantextropia. PLoS One 5.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0010931","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010931"},{"key":"5935_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S108834","volume":"12","author":"X Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huang X, Li HJ, Zhang Y, Peng DC, Hu PH, Zhong YL, Zhou FQ, Shao Y (2016) Microstructural changes of the whole brain in patients with comitant strabismus: evidence from a diffusion tensor imaging study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 12:2007\u20132014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/NDT.S108834","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"5935_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2018.04.22","volume":"11","author":"PW Zhu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhu PW, Huang X, Ye L, Jiang N, Zhong YL, Yuan Q, Zhou FQ, Shao Y (2018) Altered intrinsic functional connectivity of the primary visual cortex in youth patients with comitant exotropia: a resting state fMRI study. Int J Ophthalmol 11:668\u2013673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18240\/ijo.2018.04.22","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/280231a0","volume":"280","author":"GM Innocenti","year":"1979","unstructured":"Innocenti GM, Frost DO (1979) Effects of visual experience on the maturation of the efferent system to the corpus callosum. Nature 280:231\u2013234","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5935_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pietrasanta M, Restani L, Caleo M (2012) The corpus callosum and the visual cortex: Plasticity is a game for two. Neural Plast\u00a02012:838672.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/838672","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/838672"},{"key":"5935_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/09273972.2017.1418898","volume":"26","author":"MPM Ten Tusscher","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ten Tusscher MPM, Houtman AC, De Mey J, Van Schuerbeek P (2018) Cortical visual connections via the corpus callosum are asymmetrical in human infantile esotropia. Strabismus 26:22\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09273972.2017.1418898","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"5935_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(83)90697-2","volume":"274","author":"NE Berman","year":"1983","unstructured":"Berman NE, Payne BR (1983) Alterations in connections of the corpus callosum following convergent and divergent strabismus. Brain Res 274:201\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0006-8993(83)90697-2","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"5935_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00238468","volume":"36","author":"AJ Elberger","year":"1979","unstructured":"Elberger AJ (1979) The role of the corpus callosum in the development of interocular eye alignment and the organization of the visual field in the cat. Exp Brain Res 36:71\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00238468","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"5935_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(82)90851-4","volume":"239","author":"AJ Elberger","year":"1982","unstructured":"Elberger AJ, Hirsch HVB (1982) Divergent strabismus following neonatal callosal section is due to a failure of convergence. Brain Res 239:275\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0006-8993(82)90851-4","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"5935_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00238379","volume":"43","author":"BR Payne","year":"1981","unstructured":"Payne BR, Berman N, Murphy EH (1981) A quantitative assessment of eye alignment in cats after corpus callosum transection. Exp Brain Res 43:371\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00238379","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"5935_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20090918-06","volume":"47","author":"R Goyal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goyal R, Watts P, Hourihan M (2010) Ocular findings in pediatric patients with partial agenesis of the corpus callosum. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 47:236\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/01913913-20090918-06","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"5935_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816X.2001.01720.x","author":"L Watroba","year":"2001","unstructured":"Watroba L, Buser P, Milleret C (2001) Impairment of binocular vision in the adult cat induces plastic changes in the callosal cortical map. Eur J Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.0953-816X.2001.01720.x","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"5935_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00230700","volume":"78","author":"DO Frost","year":"1989","unstructured":"Frost DO, Moy YP (1989) Effects of dark rearing on the development of visual callosal connections. Exp Brain Res 78:203\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00230700","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"5935_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90273-7","volume":"167","author":"RD Lund","year":"1979","unstructured":"Lund RD, Mitchell DE (1979) The effects of dark-rearing on visual callosal connections of cats. Brain Res 167:172\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90273-7","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"5935_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(94)90121-X","volume":"64","author":"C Milleret","year":"1994","unstructured":"Milleret C (1994) Visual callosal connections and strabismus. Behav Brain Res 64:85\u201395","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"5935_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6760","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1215-07.2007","volume":"27","author":"H Mizuno","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mizuno H, Hirano T, Tagawa Y (2007) Evidence for activity-dependent cortical wiring: formation of interhemispheric connections in neonatal mouse visual cortex requires projection neuron activity. J Neurosci 27:6760\u20136770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1215-07.2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"5935_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.06-05-01384.1986","volume":"6","author":"GM Innocenti","year":"1986","unstructured":"Innocenti GM, Clarke S, Kraftsik R (1986) Intercharge of callosal and association projections in the developing visual cortex. J Neurosci 6:1384\u20131409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/jneurosci.06-05-01384.1986","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"5935_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1515\/REVNEURO.2008.19.1.19","volume":"19","author":"Y Tagawa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tagawa Y, Mizuno H, Hirano T (2008) Activity-dependent development of interhemispheric connections in the visual cortex. Rev Neurosci 19:19\u201328","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"5935_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162201000615","volume":"43","author":"J Atkinson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Atkinson J, Anker S, Braddick O, Nokes L, Mason a, Braddick F, (2001) Visual and visuospatial development in young children with Williams syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol 43:330\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0012162201000615","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"5935_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200008210-00031","volume":"11","author":"J Spencer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Spencer J, O\u2019Brien J, Riggs K, Braddick O, Atkinson J, Wattam-Bell J (2000) Motion processing in autism: evidence for a dorsal stream deficiency. NeuroReport 11:2765\u20132767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00001756-200008210-00031","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"5935_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200105250-00045","volume":"12","author":"PC Hansen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hansen PC, Stein JF, Orde SR, Winter JL, Talcott JB (2001) Are dyslexics\u2019 visual deficits limited to measures of dorsal stream function? NeuroReport 12:1527\u20131530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00001756-200105250-00045","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"5935_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)64007-2","volume":"164","author":"J Atkinson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Atkinson J, Braddick O (2007) Visual and visuocognitive development in children born very prematurely. Prog Brain Res 164:123\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)64007-2","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"5935_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BANDC.2008.10.005","volume":"69","author":"A Santos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Santos A, Duret M, Mancini J, Gire C, Deruelle C (2009) Preterm birth affects dorsal-stream functioning even after age 6. Brain Cogn 69:490\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BANDC.2008.10.005","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"5935_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53884-0.00029-4","volume":"189","author":"J Atkinson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Atkinson J, Braddick O (2011) From genes to brain development to phenotypic behavior: \u201cdorsal-stream vulnerability\u201d in relation to spatial cognition, attention, and planning of actions in Williams syndrome (WS) and other developmental disorders. Prog Brain Res 189:261\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-53884-0.00029-4","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"5935_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_741_20","volume":"68","author":"K Santhan Gopal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Santhan Gopal K, Jayadev C, Thomas S, Gopal S (2020) Looking beyond occlusion: a novel perspective for amblyopia treatment. Indian J Ophthalmol 68:2462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_741_20","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR133","volume-title":"Visual and auditory anomalies associated with Albinism","author":"DJ Creel","year":"1995","unstructured":"Creel DJ (1995) Visual and auditory anomalies associated with Albinism. University of Utah Health Sciences Center"},{"key":"5935_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/CNE.901790102","volume":"179","author":"VM Montero","year":"1978","unstructured":"Montero VM, Guillery RW (1978) Abnormalities of the cortico-geniculate pathway in siamese cats. J Comp Neurol 179:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/CNE.901790102","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"5935_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/CNE.902260203","volume":"226","author":"R Guillery","year":"1984","unstructured":"Guillery R, Hickey T, Kaas J, Felleman D, Debruyn E, Sparks D (1984) Abnormal central visual pathways in the brain of an albino green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). J Comp Neurol 226:165\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/CNE.902260203","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"5935_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(85)90077-3","volume":"30","author":"PE Kinnear","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kinnear PE, Jay B, Witkop CJ (1985) Albinism. Surv Ophthalmol 30:75\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0039-6257(85)90077-3","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR137","first-page":"873","volume":"21","author":"R St John","year":"1981","unstructured":"St John R, Timney B (1981) Sensitivity deficits consistent with aberrant crossed visual pathways in human albinos. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 21:873\u2013877","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"5935_CR138","first-page":"299","volume":"18","author":"CJ Witkop","year":"1982","unstructured":"Witkop CJ, Jay B, Creel D, Guillery RW (1982) Optic and otic neurologic abnormalities in oculocutaneous and ocular albinism. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser 18:299\u2013318","journal-title":"Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser"},{"key":"5935_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2680","DOI":"10.1002\/CNE.23565","volume":"522","author":"L Mcketton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mcketton L, Kelly KR, Schneider KA (2014) Abnormal lateral geniculate nucleus and optic chiasm in human albinism. J Comp Neurol 522:2680\u20132687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/CNE.23565","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"5935_CR140","first-page":"CD004917","volume-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","author":"S Elliott","year":"2013","unstructured":"Elliott S, Shafiq A (2013) Interventions for infantile esotropia. In: Elliott S (ed) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK, p CD004917"},{"key":"5935_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatt SR, Gnanaraj L (2013) Interventions for intermittent exotropia. In: Hatt SR (ed) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK, p CD003737","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003737.pub3"},{"key":"5935_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.5935\/0004-2749.20170087","volume":"80","author":"DC Issaho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Issaho DC, Wang SX, Weakley DR (2017) Intermittent exotropia surgery: results in different age groups. Arq Bras Oftalmol 80:355\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5935\/0004-2749.20170087","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702095","volume":"20","author":"MY Choi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Choi MY, Hwang JM (2006) The long-term result of slanted medial rectus resection in exotropia of the convergence insufficiency type. Eye 20:1279\u20131283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.eye.6702095","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"5935_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313711","volume":"104","author":"HJ Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee HJ, Kim SJ (2020) Long-term outcomes following resection-recession versus plication-recession in children with intermittent exotropia. Br J Ophthalmol 104:350\u2013356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313711","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.10.022","volume":"162","author":"CT Leffler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leffler CT, Vaziri K, Schwartz SG, Cavuoto KM, McKeown CA, Kishor KS, Janot AC (2016) Rates of reoperation and abnormal binocularity following strabismus surgery in children. Am J Ophthalmol 162:159-166.e9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.10.022","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_18_18","volume":"66","author":"MR Christensen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Christensen MR, Pierson K, Leffler CT (2018) Reoperation following strabismus surgery among Medicare beneficiaries: associations with geographic region, academic affiliation, surgeon volume, and adjustable suture technique. Indian J Ophthalmol 66:1149\u20131153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_18_18","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5935_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2018.01.013","volume":"22","author":"A Kassem","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kassem A, Xue G, Gandhi NB, Tian J, Guyton DL (2018) Adjustable suture strabismus surgery in infants and children: a 19-year experience. J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 22:174-178.e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaapos.2018.01.013","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"5935_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.10.032","volume":"118","author":"SM Jacobs","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jacobs SM, Green-Simms A, Diehl NN, Mohney BG (2011) Long-term follow-up of acquired nonaccommodative esotropia in a population-based cohort. Ophthalmology 118:1170\u20131174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.10.032","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"5935_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2007.05.010","volume":"11","author":"M Dombrow","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dombrow M, Engel HM (2007) Rates of strabismus surgery in the United States: Implications for manpower needs in pediatric ophthalmology. J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 11:330\u2013335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaapos.2007.05.010","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"5935_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12306","volume":"36","author":"AT Astle","year":"2016","unstructured":"Astle AT, Foulsham T, Foss AJ, McGraw PV (2016) Is the frequency of adult strabismus surgery increasing? Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 36:487\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.12306","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"5935_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/J.YAOO.2021.04.004","volume":"6","author":"JR Bruenech","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bruenech JR (2021) Neuroanatomical structures in extraocular muscles and their potential implication in the management of strabismus. Adv Ophthalmol Optom 6:39\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.YAOO.2021.04.004","journal-title":"Adv Ophthalmol Optom"},{"key":"5935_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schiavi C (2016) Extraocular muscles tension, tonus, and proprioception in infantile strabismus: role of the oculomotor system in the pathogenesis of infantile strabismus\u2014review of the literature. Scientifica (Cairo) 2016.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/5790981","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5790981"}],"container-title":["Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-022-05935-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00417-022-05935-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-022-05935-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T10:06:09Z","timestamp":1686823569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00417-022-05935-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,21]]},"references-count":152,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["5935"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-022-05935-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0721-832X","1435-702X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0721-832X","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-702X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 July 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 November 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 December 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}