{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:15:25Z","timestamp":1790036125798,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82171095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82171095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Project of Shanghai Science and Technology","award":["19140900700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19140900700"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare school-age children\u2019s objective and subjective refraction using a binocular wavefront optometer (BWFOM) with autorefraction and retinoscopy before and after cycloplegia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eighty-six eyes from 86 children (6\u201315\u00a0years old) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. BWFOM objective and subjective refractions were compared with autorefraction and retinoscopy under cycloplegia. BWFOM refraction was evaluated before and after cycloplegia. Measurements were compared using a paired\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -test; agreement was assessed using Bland\u2013Altman plots.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Under cycloplegia, the sphere, spherical equivalence, and J45 were significantly more negative on BWFOM objective refraction than autorefraction (\u2212\u20091.39\u2009\u00b1\u20092.20 D vs.\u2009\u2212\u20091.28\u2009\u00b1\u20092.23 D,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003;\u2009\u2212\u20091.84\u2009\u00b1\u20092.38 D vs.\u2009\u2212\u20091.72\u2009\u00b1\u20092.43 D,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001;\u2009\u2212\u20090.02\u2009\u00b1\u20090.17 D vs. 0.03\u2009\u00b1\u20090.21 D,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004). The subjective sphere of BWFOM was less myopic, and the cylinder and the J45 were more negative than those with retinoscopy (\u2212\u20091.17\u2009\u00b1\u20092.09 D vs.\u2009\u2212\u20091.25\u2009\u00b1\u20092.20 D,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02;\u2009\u2212\u20090.91\u2009\u00b1\u20090.92 D vs.\u2009\u2212\u20090.76\u2009\u00b1\u20090.92 D,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001;\u2009\u2212\u20090.01\u2009\u00b1\u20090.15 D vs. 0.03\u2009\u00b1\u20090.21 D,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.028). For both BWFOM objective and subjective refraction, sphere and spherical equivalence with noncycloplegia were more myopic than those with cycloplegia (objective:\u2009\u2212\u20091.76\u2009\u00b1\u20092.10 D vs.\u2009\u2212\u20091.39\u2009\u00b1\u20092.20 D,\u2009\u2212\u20092.21\u2009\u00b1\u20092.30 D vs.\u2009\u2212\u20091.84\u2009\u00b1\u20092.38 D,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; subjective:\u2009\u2212\u20091.57\u2009\u00b1\u20091.92 D vs.\u2009\u2212\u20091.17\u2009\u00b1\u20092.09 D,\u2009\u2212\u20092.01\u2009\u00b1\u20092.13 D vs.\u2009\u2212\u20091.62\u2009\u00b1\u20092.27 D,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Bland\u2013Altman plots showed good agreement in spherical equivalence between BWFOM objective refraction and autorefraction (mean difference\u2009=\u20090.12 D, 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009\u2212\u20090.52 to 0.76), subjective refraction with retinoscopy (mean difference\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20090.01 D, 95% CI\u2009\u2212\u20090.65 to 0.64), and BWFOM refractions with or without cycloplegia (objective: mean difference\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20090.37 D, 95% CI\u2009\u2212\u20091.31 to 0.57; subjective: mean difference\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20090.39 D, 95% CI\u2009\u2212\u20091.30 to 0.51). The time cost by BWFOM was significantly less than the total time of autorefraction and retinoscopy (264.88\u2009\u00b1\u200990.67\u00a0s vs. 315.89\u2009\u00b1\u200995.31\u00a0s,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BWFOM is a new device that realizes both objective and subjective refraction. For children\u2019s refractive errors, it is more convenient and quicker to obtain the proper prescription at a 0.05-D interval, and it is more accurate than autorefraction and retinoscopy under cycloplegia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05936-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T04:03:02Z","timestamp":1671249782000},"page":"1465-1472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Comparisons of objective and subjective refraction with and without cycloplegia using binocular wavefront optometer with autorefraction and retinoscopy in school-age children"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"261","author":[{"given":"Yadi","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingrui","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinjie","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5419-6318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"5936_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846601","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.846601","volume":"10","author":"M Shan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shan M, Dong Y, Chen J et al (2022) Global tendency and frontiers of research on myopia from 1900 to 2020: a bibliometrics analysis. Front Public Health 10:846601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.846601","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"5936_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","volume":"123","author":"BA Holden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA et al (2016) Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology 123:1036\u20131042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"5936_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11003","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.11003","volume":"12","author":"Y Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma Y, Wen Y, Zhong H et al (2022) Healthcare utilization and economic burden of myopia in urban China: a nationwide cost-of-illness study. J Glob Health 12:11003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189\/jogh.12.11003","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"5936_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3390\/children9010088","volume":"9","author":"AM Calvo-Maroto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Calvo-Maroto AM, Llorente-Gonz\u00e1lez S, Bezunartea-Bezunartea J et al (2022) Comparative study of refraction between wave front-based refraction and autorefraction without and with cycloplegia in children and adolescents. Children (Basel) 9:88. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children9010088","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"5936_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12642","volume":"93","author":"IG Morgan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morgan IG, Iribarren R, Fotouhi A, Grzybowski A (2015) Cycloplegic refraction is the gold standard for epidemiological studies. Acta Ophthalmol 93:581\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.12642","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5936_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1465_18","volume":"67","author":"V Saini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saini V, Raina UK, Gupta A et al (2019) Comparison of Plusoptix S12R photoscreener with cycloplegic retinoscopy and autorefraction in pediatric age group. Indian J Ophthalmol 67:1555\u20131559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1465_18","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5936_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.03.004","volume":"127","author":"LB Wilson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilson LB, Melia M, Kraker RT et al (2020) Accuracy of autorefraction in children: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology 127:1259\u20131267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.03.004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"5936_CR8","first-page":"1186","volume":"26","author":"WA Ray","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ray WA, O\u2019Doy DM (1985) Statistical analysis of multi-eye data in ophthalmic research. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 26:1186\u20131188","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"5936_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"B V, A CM, S Q, N S (2018) Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensing without a lenslet array using a digital micromirror device. Applied optics 57:.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/AO.57.00E199","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.57.00E199"},{"key":"5936_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/3.769212","volume-title":"Wavefront optics for vision correction","author":"G Dai","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dai G (2008) Wavefront optics for vision correction. SPIE Press, Washington"},{"key":"5936_CR11","unstructured":"Marin G, Meslin D (2020) Refraction: patients are sensitive to increments smaller than a quarter diopter! In: Points de Vue | International Review of Ophthalmic Optics. https:\/\/www.pointsdevue.com\/article\/refraction-patients-are-sensitive-increments-smaller-quarter-diopter."},{"key":"5936_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-022-02538-5","author":"Z Yi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yi Z, Jie G, Kai C et al (2022) Theoretical derivation and clinical validation of the resolution limit of human eye to spherical lens change: a self-controlled study. Int Ophthalmol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-022-02538-5","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5936_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2017.09.001","volume":"11","author":"N Y, R S, H M-M,","year":"2018","unstructured":"N Y, R S, H M-M, et al (2018) Comparison of cyclopentolate versus tropicamide cycloplegia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of optometry 11:135\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.optom.2017.09.001","journal-title":"Journal of optometry"},{"key":"5936_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199706000-00019","volume":"74","author":"LN Thibos","year":"1997","unstructured":"Thibos LN, Wheeler W, Horner D (1997) Power vectors: an application of Fourier analysis to the description and statistical analysis of refractive error. Optom Vis Sci 74:367\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006324-199706000-00019","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"5936_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.7.23","volume":"9","author":"J Tabernero","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tabernero J, Otero C, Pardhan S (2020) A comparison between refraction from an adaptive optics visual simulator and clinical refractions. Transl Vis Sci Technol 9:23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.9.7.23","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"5936_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2018.08.022","volume":"45","author":"L Hervella","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hervella L, Villegas EA, Prieto PM, Artal P (2019) Assessment of subjective refraction with a clinical adaptive optics visual simulator. J Cataract Refract Surg 45:87\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrs.2018.08.022","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"5936_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-015-3246-1","volume":"254","author":"M Mimouni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mimouni M, Zoller L, Horowitz J et al (2016) Cycloplegic autorefraction in young adults: is it mandatory? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 254:395\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-015-3246-1","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5936_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schott B, Seery C, Wagner RS, Guo S (2022) Cycloplegic autorefraction as a substitute for cycloplegic retinoscopy in the pediatric population. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/01913913-20220321-01","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20220321-01"},{"key":"5936_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTO.S303286","volume":"13","author":"SN Mukash","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mukash SN, Kayembe DL, Mwanza J-C (2021) Agreement between retinoscopy, autorefractometry and subjective refraction for determining refractive errors in Congolese children. Clin Optom (Auckl) 13:129\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OPTO.S303286","journal-title":"Clin Optom (Auckl)"},{"key":"5936_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_266_18","volume":"66","author":"L Hernandez-Moreno","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hernandez-Moreno L, Vallelado-Alvarez A, Martin R (2018) Repeatability of ARK-30 in a pediatric population. Indian J Ophthalmol 66:1262\u20131267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_266_18","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5936_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000851","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2021-000851","volume":"7","author":"N Hasrod","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hasrod N, Rubin A (2022) Comparison of the Near Eye Tool for Refractive Assessment (NETRA) and non-cycloplegic subjective refraction. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 7:e000851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjophth-2021-000851","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5936_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e633","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13569","volume":"95","author":"P Sankaridurg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sankaridurg P, He X, Naduvilath T et al (2017) Comparison of noncycloplegic and cycloplegic autorefraction in categorizing refractive error data in children. Acta Ophthalmol 95:e633\u2013e640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.13569","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5936_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.02.027","volume":"129","author":"X Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo X, Shakarchi AF, Block SS et al (2022) Noncycloplegic compared with cycloplegic refraction in a Chicago school-aged population. Ophthalmology 129:813\u2013820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.02.027","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"5936_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gu F, Gao HM, Zheng X, et al (2021) Effect of cycloplegia on refractive error measure in Chinese school students. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09286586.2021.1999986","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2021.1999986"},{"key":"5936_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.01.084","volume":"142","author":"Y-F Choong","year":"2006","unstructured":"Choong Y-F, Chen A-H, Goh P-P (2006) A comparison of autorefraction and subjective refraction with and without cycloplegia in primary school children. Am J Ophthalmol 142:68\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.01.084","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"5936_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12375","volume":"100","author":"S Guha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guha S, Shah S, Shah K et al (2017) A comparison of cycloplegic autorefraction and retinoscopy in Indian children. Clin Exp Optom 100:73\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cxo.12375","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"5936_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.349","volume":"128","author":"EM Krantz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Krantz EM, Cruickshanks KJ, Klein BEK et al (2010) Measuring refraction in adults in epidemiological studies. Arch Ophthalmol 128:88\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.349","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-022-05936-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00417-022-05936-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-022-05936-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T04:05:05Z","timestamp":1682741105000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00417-022-05936-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["5936"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-022-05936-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0721-832X","1435-702X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0721-832X","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-702X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 August 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 November 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 December 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Approval was obtained from the ethics committee of Fudan University Eye Ear Nose and Throat Hospital (2021018). The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from legal guardians.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}