{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T23:18:59Z","timestamp":1793488739518,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004721","name":"The University of Tokyo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004721","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Corneal scars after infectious keratitis lead to insufficient transparency and irregular astigmatism, affecting visual acuity; therefore, they should be accurately evaluated to estimate visual function. This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate corneal irregularity and scarring after infectious keratitis using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was an observational clinical study. We included patients who had corneal scarring after treatment of infectious keratitis between 2014 and 2021 at University of Tokyo Hospital. We retrospectively examined best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), average keratometric power, central corneal thickness (CCT), and four components of the Fourier harmonic analysis including spherical and asymmetry components, as well as regular astigmatism and higher-order irregularity. We included anterior and posterior corneal data and compared results with those of contralateral healthy eyes. Additionally, we quantitatively evaluated the densitometry of the cornea obtained using AS-OCT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 122 eyes of 61 patients were examined; male predominance was observed (n\u2009=\u200937), and the mean patient age was 55.3\u2009\u00b1\u200919.4\u00a0years. Comparisons with contralateral healthy eyes showed that BSCVA worsened (0.30\u2009\u00b1\u20090.83 and 0.93\u2009\u00b1\u20091.36 logMAR, respectively,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003), and CCT (531.1\u2009\u00b1\u200946.2 and 591.8\u2009\u00b1\u2009132.4\u00a0\u03bcm, respectively,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and corneal densitometry (84.4\u2009\u00b1\u200911.8 and 111.9\u2009\u00b1\u200919.2 grayscale units, respectively,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) increased significantly in affected eyes. The asymmetry component and higher-order irregularities that were not corrected with spectacles significantly increased (both\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and there were no significant differences in the changes among the bacterial, fungal, herpetic, and acanthamoeba types of keratitis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Corneal scarring persisted after treatment for infectious keratitis, and the asymmetry and irregularities of corneal astigmatism increased as visual acuity deteriorated. AS-OCT with the Fourier harmonic analysis was useful for evaluating corneal topographic changes in patients with corneal scarring after keratitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-023-06157-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T04:02:24Z","timestamp":1689825744000},"page":"133-141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Quantitative evaluation of corneal irregularity and scarring after infectious keratitis using anterior segment optical coherence tomography"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"262","author":[{"given":"Kazunori","family":"Ichikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lily","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohdai","family":"Kitamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukako","family":"Taketatni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Toyono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junko","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Aihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5286-8272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Miyai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"6157_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/s1542-0124(12)70050-2","volume":"5","author":"SS Tuli","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tuli SS, Schultz GS, Downer DM (2007) Science and strategy for preventing and managing corneal ulceration. Ocul Surf 5:23\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1542-0124(12)70050-2","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"6157_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.4776","volume":"134","author":"P Gain","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gain P, Jullienne R, He Z et al (2016) Global survey of corneal transplantation and eye banking. JAMA Ophthalmol 134:167\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.4776","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6157_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.05.012","volume":"124","author":"A Austin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Austin A, Lietman T, Rose-Nussbaumer J (2017) Update on the management of infectious keratitis. Ophthalmology 124:1678\u20131689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.05.012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"6157_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-300539","volume":"96","author":"D Pascolini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pascolini D, Mariotti SP (2012) Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010. Br J Ophthalmol 96:614\u2013618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-300539","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6157_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.7.774","volume":"83","author":"Z Liu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Liu Z, Huang AJ, Pflugfelder SC (1999) Evaluation of corneal thickness and topography in normal eyes using the Orbscan corneal topography system. Br J Ophthalmol 83:774\u2013778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.83.7.774","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6157_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15769","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95358-z","volume":"11","author":"Y Ueno","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ueno Y, Nomura R, Hiraoka T, Kinoshita K, Ohara M, Oshika T (2021) Comparison of corneal irregular astigmatism by the type of corneal regular astigmatism. Sci Rep 11:15769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-95358-z","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6157_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20130806-02","volume":"50","author":"SP Reddy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reddy SP, Bansal R, Vaddavalli PK (2013) Corneal topography and corneal thickness in children. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 50:304\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/01913913-20130806-02","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"6157_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.4852","volume":"138","author":"SA Menda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Menda SA, Das M, Panigrahi A et al (2020) Association of postfungal keratitis corneal scar features with visual acuity. JAMA Ophthalmol 138:113\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.4852","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6157_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1097\/ico.0b013e318196703a","volume":"28","author":"JR Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez JR, Ortiz C, P\u00e9rez-Oc\u00f3n F, Jim\u00e9nez R (2009) Optical image quality and visual performance for patients with keratitis. Cornea 28:783\u2013788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ico.0b013e318196703a","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"6157_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2012-302294","volume":"97","author":"G Kaswin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kaswin G, Rousseau A, M\u2019Garrech M et al (2013) Optical aberrations in patients with recurrent herpes simplex keratitis and apparently normal vision. Br J Ophthalmol 97:1113\u20131117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2012-302294","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6157_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1097\/icl.0000000000000530","volume":"45","author":"E Shimizu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shimizu E, Yamaguchi T, Tsubota K, Shimazaki J (2019) Corneal higher-order aberrations in eyes with corneal scar after traumatic perforation. Eye Contact Lens 45:124\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/icl.0000000000000530","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"6157_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1097\/ico.0000000000000910","volume":"35","author":"E Kashizuka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kashizuka E, Yamaguchi T, Yaguchi Y, Satake Y, Shimazaki J (2016) Corneal higher-order aberrations in herpes simplex keratitis. Cornea 35:1562\u20131568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ico.0000000000000910","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"6157_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/ico.0000000000000237","volume":"34","author":"M Yoshihara","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yoshihara M, Maeda N, Soma T et al (2015) Corneal topographic analysis of patients with Mooren ulcer using 3-dimensional anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Cornea 34:54\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ico.0000000000000237","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"6157_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1097\/ico.0000000000001388","volume":"36","author":"T Yamaguchi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yamaguchi T, Shimizu E, Yagi-Yaguchi Y, Tomida D, Satake Y, Shimazaki J (2017) A novel entity of corneal diseases with irregular posterior corneal surfaces: Concept and clinical relevance. Cornea 36:S53\u2013S59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ico.0000000000001388","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"6157_CR15","first-page":"705","volume":"39","author":"T Oshika","year":"1998","unstructured":"Oshika T, Tomidokoro A, Maruo K, Tokunaga T, Miyata N (1998) Quantitative evaluation of irregular astigmatism by Fourier series harmonic analysis of videokeratography data. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39:705\u2013709","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"6157_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8398","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65376-4","volume":"10","author":"T Ono","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ono T, Mori Y, Nejima R et al (2020) Long-term changes and effect of pterygium size on corneal topographic irregularity after recurrent pterygium surgery. Sci Rep 10:8398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-65376-4","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6157_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.12.014","volume":"175","author":"E Shimizu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shimizu E, Yamaguchi T, Yagi-Yaguchi Y et al (2017) Corneal higher-order aberrations in infectious keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol 175:148\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.12.014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6157_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1097\/icu.0b013e3281ca7121","volume":"18","author":"T Swartz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Swartz T, Marten L, Wang M (2007) Measuring the cornea: The latest developments in corneal topography. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 18:325\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/icu.0b013e3281ca7121","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6157_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.06.050","volume":"119","author":"AS Majander","year":"2012","unstructured":"Majander AS, Lindahl PM, Vasara LK, Krootila K (2012) Anterior segment optical coherence tomography in congenital corneal opacities. Ophthalmology 119:2450\u20132457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.06.050","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"6157_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2019.1600199","volume":"26","author":"M Das","year":"2019","unstructured":"Das M, Menda SA, Panigrahi AK et al (2019) Repeatability and reproducibility of slit lamp, optical coherence tomography, and scheimpflug measurements of corneal scars. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 26:251\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09286586.2019.1600199","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"6157_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.10.033","volume":"114","author":"RN Khurana","year":"2007","unstructured":"Khurana RN, Li Y, Tang M, Lai MM, Huang D (2007) High-speed optical coherence tomography of corneal opacities. Ophthalmology 114:1278\u20131285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.10.033","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"6157_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2147\/opto.s210721","volume":"11","author":"SF Mohammadi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohammadi SF, Khorrami-Nejad M, Hamidirad M (2019) Posterior corneal astigmatism: A review article. Clin Optom (Auckl) 11:85\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/opto.s210721","journal-title":"Clin Optom (Auckl)"},{"key":"6157_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2020.11.031","volume":"44","author":"LW Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu LW, Rocha-de-Lossada C, Rachwani-Anil R, Flikier S, Flikier D (2021) The role of posterior corneal power in 21st century biometry: A review. J Fr Ophtalmol 44:1052\u20131058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfo.2020.11.031","journal-title":"J Fr Ophtalmol"},{"key":"6157_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01707-7","volume":"36","author":"XY Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang XY, Zhang TQ, Rachwani AR et al (2022) New algorithm for corneal densitometry assessment based on anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Eye (Lond) 36:1675\u20131680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-021-01707-7","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"6157_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12828","volume":"102","author":"K Tekin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tekin K, Kiziltoprak H, Koc M, Goker YS, Kocer AM, Yilmazbas P (2019) The effect of corneal infiltrates on densitometry and higher-order aberrations. Clin Exp Optom 102:140\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cxo.12828","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"6157_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13236","volume":"55","author":"S N\u00ed Dhubhghaill","year":"2014","unstructured":"N\u00ed Dhubhghaill S, Rozema JJ, Jongenelen S, Hidalgo IR, Zakaria N, Tassignon MJ (2014) Normative values for corneal densitometry analysis by Scheimpflug optical assessment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 55:162\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.13-13236","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"6157_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2021.08.002","volume":"67","author":"C Donovan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Donovan C, Arenas E, Ayyala RS, Margo CE, Espana EM (2022) Fungal keratitis: Mechanisms of Infection and Management Strategies. Surv Ophthalmol 67:758\u2013769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2021.08.002","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6157_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S40","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000064","volume":"22","author":"G Zhao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhao G, Chen M, Liu T, Sun SY, Zhao J, Xie LX (2012) Association of HSV-1 antigen distribution in the cornea with clinical characteristics of herpetic stromal keratitis. Eur J Ophthalmol 22:S40\u2013S45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5301\/ejo.5000064","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6157_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/12.suppl_b.1","volume":"12","author":"C Stuart-Harris","year":"1983","unstructured":"Stuart-Harris C (1983) The epidemiology and clinical presentation of herpes virus infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 12:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/12.suppl_b.1","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"6157_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.11.052","volume":"112","author":"M Labetoulle","year":"2005","unstructured":"Labetoulle M, Auquier P, Conrad H et al (2005) Incidence of herpes simplex virus keratitis in France. Ophthalmology 112:888\u2013895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.11.052","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"}],"container-title":["Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-023-06157-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00417-023-06157-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-023-06157-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T06:11:35Z","timestamp":1705990295000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00417-023-06157-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["6157"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-023-06157-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0721-832X","1435-702X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0721-832X","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-702X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 May 2023","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 June 2023","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The opt-out method of consent was used for this clinical study. The requirement for written informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board of the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Tokyo Hospital owing to the retrospective nature of the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Tokyo Hospital (Identifier: 2020006NI). All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}