{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:13:32Z","timestamp":1790882012863,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691452800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023561","name":"Ministerio de Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FPU20\/05624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU20\/05624"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023561","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Universitat de Valencia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n The scientific community has established Javal\u2019s rule as a model linking refractive (RA) and keratometric (KA) astigmatism since its appearance more than 100 years ago. The aim was to improve the accuracy of this relationship according to subject\u2019s age by applying the power vector analysis. Posterior corneal curvature has also been studied.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n Methods<\/jats:title>\n The IOLMaster 700 optical biometer was used to measure the corneal thickness and the radius of curvature of the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces. Refractive error was determined by a non-cycloplegic subjective refraction process with trial lenses. Linear regression analyses were applied using J<\/jats:italic>0<\/jats:sub> and J<\/jats:italic>45<\/jats:sub> power vector components. An evaluation was carried out according to the subject\u2019s age resulting into eight regression relationships for each astigmatic vector component for each relationship.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n Results<\/jats:title>\n A total of 2254 right eyes from 2254 healthy subjects were evaluated. A trend towards against-the-rule astigmatism (ATR) was found with aging, both for refractive astigmatism (RA) and keratometric astigmatism (KA), with 95.2% of subjects under 20 years old having with-the-rule (WTR) KA, and only 22.8% above 79 years old. The following regression equations were found between RA and KA: $${J}_0^{\\textrm{RA}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n J<\/mml:mi>\n 0<\/mml:mn>\n RA<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:msubsup>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> = 0.73 \u00d7 $${J}_0^{\\textrm{KA}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n J<\/mml:mi>\n 0<\/mml:mn>\n KA<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:msubsup>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> \u2212 0.18 (R<\/jats:italic> = 0.78) and $${J}_{45}^{\\textrm{RA}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n J<\/mml:mi>\n \n 45<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n RA<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:msubsup>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> = 0.70 \u00d7 $${J}_{45}^{\\textrm{KA}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n J<\/mml:mi>\n \n 45<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n KA<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:msubsup>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> + 0.04 (R<\/jats:italic> = 0.69) and between RA and total corneal astigmatism (TCA): $${J}_0^{\\textrm{RA}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n J<\/mml:mi>\n 0<\/mml:mn>\n RA<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:msubsup>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> = 0.73 \u00d7 $${J}_0^{\\textrm{TCA}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n J<\/mml:mi>\n 0<\/mml:mn>\n TCA<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:msubsup>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> + 0.13 (R=0.78) and $${J}_{45}^{\\textrm{RA}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n J<\/mml:mi>\n \n 45<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n RA<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:msubsup>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> = 0.70 \u00d7 $${J}_{45}^{\\textrm{TCA}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n J<\/mml:mi>\n \n 45<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n TCA<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:msubsup>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> \u2212 0.06 (R<\/jats:italic> = 0.68) for the whole sample, but with sensible differences among age groups, both in the slope and in the intercept.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Ignoring the age of the subject when using Javal\u2019s rule could lead to an error in the final cylinder calculation that would increase in high astigmatisms. Applying this new power vector approach based on subject\u2019s age could improve the accuracy of the astigmatism prediction.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-023-06195-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T09:02:13Z","timestamp":1691485333000},"page":"249-260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Revisiting Javal\u2019s rule: a fresh and improved power vector approach according to age"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"262","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8236-8188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Salvador-Roger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Albarr\u00e1n-Diego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"Garz\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Garc\u00eda-Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicente","family":"Mic\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 J.","family":"Esteve-Taboada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"6195_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2013.10.017","volume":"39","author":"T Kohnen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kohnen T (2013) Posterior corneal astigmatism. 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The study was approved by The Committee of Ethical Research on Humans of the University of Valencia (CEIHUV) (n 1543635). Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}