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Similarly to other complications of diabetes mellitus, DME requires long-term management. This article aims to review the current challenges associated with the long-term management of DME, opportunities to improve outcomes for patients, and to develop a treat-to-target strategy based on macular morphology. At present, intravitreal anti\u2013vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy is the standard of care for the management of DME; however, best-achievable vision outcomes with treatment are reliant on frequent injections and close monitoring, which are difficult to maintain in current clinical practice because of the burden this imposes on patients. Achieving and maintaining good vision with treatment are the most important factors for patients with DME. Landmark trials have shown that vision gains with anti-VEGF therapy are typically accompanied by anatomical improvements (e.g., reductions in retinal thickness); therefore, multimodal imaging measures of macular morphology are often used in patients with DME to guide real-world treatment decisions. We would like to propose a hypothetical treat-to-target algorithm to guide physicians on treatment strategies for the long-term management of DME. Alternative measures of retinal fluid (e.g., persistence, stability, location) may be stronger predictors of visual acuity in DME, although further research is required to confirm whether alternate quantifiable biomarkers such as subretinal fluid and intraretinal fluid volumes can be used as a biomarker of clinical improvement. Identifying novel biomarkers and treatments that target neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, improving patient-physician communication around treatment adherence, and using treat-to-target measures may help to ensure that the long-term benefits of treatment are realized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-024-06558-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T10:02:23Z","timestamp":1720778543000},"page":"3749-3759","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Anti-VEGF therapy for the long-term management of diabetic macular edema: a treat-to-target strategy based on macular morphology"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"262","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4200-0052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shintaro","family":"Nakao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6458-539X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sentaro","family":"Kusuhara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0314-8807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoaki","family":"Murakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"6558_CR1","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation. 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