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A clear pathogenesis has not been determined, but risk factors include female gender and complement system abnormalities (altered levels of C3 and CH50). Moreover, lifelong exposure to pesticides has been suggested as risk factor for direct neuronal degeneration involving rods and cones. In the early phase of the disease, reticular pseudodrusen-like lesions appear in the superior perifovea and tend to coalescence horizontally into a flat, continuous, reflective material localized between the retinal pigmented epithelium and Bruch\u2019s membrane. Over time, EMAP causes profound RPE and outer retinal atrophy in the macular area, with a recent classification reporting a 3-stages evolution pattern. Blue autofluorescence showed rapidly evolving atrophy with either hyperautofluorescent or isoautofluorescent borders. Significant similarities between the diffuse-trickling phenotype of geographic atrophy and EMAP have been reported. Macular neovascularization is a possible complication.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>EMAP is specific form of early-onset atrophic macular degeneration with rapid evolution and no treatment. Further studies are needed to assess the best management.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-024-06600-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T10:02:55Z","timestamp":1723456975000},"page":"3085-3097","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Extensive macular atrophy with pseudodrusen-like appearance: comprehensive review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"262","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2979-1638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo Mario","family":"Carl\u00e0","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Giannuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Boselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Crincoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanislao","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"6600_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.10.022","volume":"147","author":"CP Hamel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hamel CP, Meunier I, Arndt C, Ben Salah S, Lopez S, Bazalgette C, Bazalgette C, Zanlonghi X, Arnaud B, Defoort-Dellhemmes S, Puech B (2009) Extensive macular atrophy with pseudodrusen-like appearance: a new clinical entity. 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