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Pulsed crosslinking (P-CXL) was developed using intermittent pulsing ultraviolet (UV) light to mitigate the depletion of oxygen levels that occurs with continuous UV exposure in standard crosslinking protocols (C-CXL). This study aimed to explore the use of P-CXL in the treatment of keratoconus and determine whether the availability of oxygen in P-CXL carries superior efficacy outcomes as an alternative to C-CXL modalities.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This review was undertaken in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. A search of several databases conducted with two separate reviewers resulted in 29 papers meeting inclusion criteria for the review, 14 selected for meta-analysis. Primary outcomes assessed by the included papers included maximum keratometry (Kmax), corrected and uncorrected distance visual acuity (CDVA, UDVA), and secondary outcomes included central corneal thickness (CCT), endothelial cell count and demarcation line. Statistical analyses were carried out on Review Manager 5.4 and the meta-analysis employed a random-effects model, which estimated the weighted effect size of raw means using inverse variance weights.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>At 12 months P-CXL showed statistically significant reductions in Kmax (-0.75 D; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and improvement in CDVA (-0.10 logMAR; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) compared to baseline. The meta-analysis of comparative studies determined that mean differences in Kmax, CDVA, UDVA, Kmean and CCT after 12 months were not statistically significant between pulsed and continuous crosslinking groups.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Overall, P-CXL is effective in improving visual acuity and keratometry outcomes in keratoconus. The meta-analysis did not show a statistically significant difference in Kmax and CDVA between P-CXL and C-CXL, indicating a non-inferiority of P-CXL. However, findings of the meta-analysis are limited by the fact that different energy levels and exposure times were used for P-CXL in comparison to C-CXL in some studies, making it unsuitable to determine whether the efficacy of CXL is improved by the use of pulsed light.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Key messages<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:bold>\n                <jats:italic>What is Known<\/jats:italic>\n              <\/jats:bold>\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>\u2022 Pulsed crosslinking (P-CXL) uses intermittent UV light to prevent oxygen depletion when using higher energy protocols, unlike continuous UV exposure in standard continuous crosslinking (C-CXL).<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>\u2022 This should theoretically enhance the efficacy of the treatment by maintaining higher oxygen levels that are crucial to the cross-linking process.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>\u2022 There are no systematic reviews or meta-analyses directly comparing the efficacy or safety of P-CXL to C-CXL.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:bold>\n                <jats:italic>What is New<\/jats:italic>\n              <\/jats:bold>\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>\u2022 Meta-analysis revealed differences in keratometry between P-CXL and C-CXL groups with equivalent fluence (7.2 J\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) at 12 months were not statistically significant (Kmax -0.04 dioptres; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.84).<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>\u2022 Meta-analysis revealed differences in visual acuity between P-CXL and C-CXL groups with equivalent fluence (7.2 J\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) at 12 months were not statistically significant (CDVA -0.01 logMAR letters; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.57).<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>\u2022 The use of intermittent pulsing in higher energy CXL protocols renders statistically similar outcomes as continuous light exposure at equivalent fluence (7.2 J\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>)\u00a0<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-024-06622-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T12:03:07Z","timestamp":1725105787000},"page":"589-601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Pulsed corneal crosslinking in the treatment of Keratoconus: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"263","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6699-1765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie L","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Himal","family":"Kandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"6622_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2010.09.014","volume":"4","author":"R Ambekar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ambekar R, Toussaint KC Jr., Wagoner Johnson A (2011) The effect of keratoconus on the structural, mechanical, and optical properties of the cornea. 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