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In Ophthalmology, digital health innovations can be broadly divided into four categories: (i) self-monitoring home devices and apps, (ii) virtual and augmented reality visual aids, (iii) AI software, and (iv) wearables<jats:bold>. <\/jats:bold>Wearable devices can work in the background, collecting large amounts of objective data while we do our day-to-day activities, which may be ecologically more valid and meaningful to patients than that acquired in traditional hospital settings. They can be a watch, wristband, piece of clothing, glasses, cane, smartphone in our pocket, earphones, or any other device with a sensor that we carry with us. Focusing on retinal diseases, a key challenge in developing novel therapeutics has been to prove a meaningful benefit in patients\u2019 lives and the creation of objective patient-centred endpoints in clinical trials. In this review, we will discuss wearable devices collecting different aspects of visual behaviour, visual field, central vision, and functional vision, as well as their potential implementation as outcome measures in research\/clinical trial settings. The healthcare landscape is facing a paradigm shift. Clinicians have a key role of collaborating with the development and fine-tuning of digital health innovations, as well as identifying opportunities where they can be leveraged to enhance our understanding of retinal diseases and improve patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-024-06634-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T13:20:01Z","timestamp":1726752001000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Digital health and wearable devices for retinal disease monitoring"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Malena","family":"Daich Varela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Sanders Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolas","family":"Pontikos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Crossland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Michaelides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"6634_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0111-3","volume":"2","author":"SC Mathews","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mathews SC, McShea MJ, Hanley CL, Ravitz A, Labrique AB, Cohen AB (2019) Digital health: a path to validation. npj Digit Med 2(1):38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-019-0111-3","journal-title":"npj Digit Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"6634_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.22381\/AJMR6220199","volume":"6","author":"M Bargh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bargh M (2019) Digital health software and sensors: internet of things-based healthcare services, wearable medical devices, and real-time data analytics. 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