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The main outcomes were (1) test accuracy and (2) test\u2013retest reliability: (1) was measured through area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) calculation of (VR)gcFPP results with comparators being SAP and healthy controls, respectively; (2) was evaluated by comparing tests 1 and 2 of both methods within patients.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>Both gcFPP and VRgcFPP were performed in 15 patients (12 males, M<jats:sub>Age<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u200957, SD<jats:sub>Age<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u200915) and 17 controls (6 males, M<jats:sub>Age<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u200953, SD<jats:sub>Age<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u200912). Mean test accuracy was good in separating damaged from intact visual field regions (gcFPP: M<jats:sub>auc<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.83, SD<jats:sub>auc<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.09; VRgcFPP: M<jats:sub>auc<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.69,\u00a0SD<jats:sub>auc<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.13) and in separating patients from controls (gcFPP: M<jats:sub>auc<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.92,\u00a0SD<jats:sub>auc<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.13; VRgcFPP: M<jats:sub>auc<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.96,\u00a0SD<jats:sub>auc<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.15). A high test\u2013retest reliability was found for the proportion intact versus damaged visual field (gcFPP: <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.95, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001, VRgcFPP: <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091.00, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001).<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>Overall, these results can be summarized as follows: (1) the comparison of pupil response amplitudes between intact versus damaged regions per patient indicate that gcFPP allows for cleaner imaging of intact versus damaged visual field regions than VRgcFPP, (2) the comparisons of average differences in intact versus damaged amplitudes between patients and controls demonstrate high diagnostic performance of both gcFPP and VRgcFPP, and (3) the test\u2013retest reliabilities confirm that both gcFPP and VRgcFPP reliably and consistently measure defects in homonymous hemianopia.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>Key\u00a0 messages<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p><jats:bold><jats:italic>What is known<\/jats:italic><\/jats:bold><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>Standard automated perimetry is the current gold standard for visual field examination, but not always suited for the evaluation of the VF in neurologically impaired patients.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>Pupil perimetry consists of the measurement of pupillary responses to light stimuli as a measure of visual sensitivity.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n              <\/jats:list><\/jats:p>\n              <jats:p><jats:bold><jats:italic>What is new<\/jats:italic><\/jats:bold><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>This study reports the highest diagnostic accuracy of pupil perimetry so far in patients with homonymous hemianopia.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>Gaze-contingent flicker pupil perimetry reliably and consistently measures defects in homonymous hemianopia under standard and virtual reality viewing conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n              <\/jats:list><\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-024-06641-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T13:58:52Z","timestamp":1726754332000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostic performance of pupil perimetry in detecting hemianopia under standard and virtual reality viewing conditions"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3193-9419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brendan","family":"Portengen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saskia","family":"Imhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marnix","family":"Naber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Porro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"6641_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodwin D (2014) Homonymous hemianopia: challenges and solutions. 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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of Utrecht University (protocol number 20\u2013238) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the local ethical committee of Utrecht University (protocol number 20\u2013238) and conformed to the ethical considerations of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Furthermore, they received (financial) reimbursement for participation (\u20ac12,50 per hour) and travel costs.This study was funded by: the ODAS foundation (grant number 2017\u201303), the Rotterdamse Stichting Blindenbelangen (grant number B20170004), the F.P. Fischer Foundation (grant number 170511]) and a grant from the Janivo Foundation (grant number 2017170). M.N. is supported by a grant from UitZicht (grant 2018\u201310, fund involved: Rotterdamse Stichting Blindenbelangen).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers\u2019 bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}