{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T21:11:39Z","timestamp":1775682699816,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]],"date-time":"2024-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]],"date-time":"2024-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universit\u00e4t, Frankfurt am Main"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To compare the refraction before and after cycloplegia with 0.5% and 1.0% cyclopentolate eye drops using five different measurement modalities.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This prospective, clinical comparative study enrolled 96 eyes of 48 healthy patients with a mean age of 26.6\u2009\u00b1\u20094.21\u00a0years (range: 19\u201334). Subjective refraction, retinoscopy, and objective refraction were measured using three autorefractometers: Topcon KR-800 (TC), Retinomax K-plus 3 (RM\u2009+\u20093), and Retinomax K-plus Screeen (RM\u2009+\u2009S) under noncycloplegic and cycloplegic conditions. Cycloplegia was performed in the right eye using 0.5% and in the left eye with 1.0% cyclopentolate eye drops. Differences in refraction in noncycloplegia and cycloplegia, between cycloplegia with 0.5% and 1.0% cyclopentolate, and between the devices were investigated.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Cycloplegic mean spherical equivalent was -1.77\u2009\u00b1\u20092.34 diopters (D) (-9.75 to\u2009+\u20091.625). All approaches showed a statistically significant hyperopic shift (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, each) after induction of cycloplegia using both regimes. Lowest median (interquartile range) hyperopic shift was shown by TC (0.25 D (0.38)) and retinoscopy (0.25D (0.75)), and the highest by RM\u2009+\u20093 (0.75 (1.31)). No statistically significant differences between cycloplegia using 0.5% and 1.0% regimens were shown in all modalities (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05, each). In noncycloplegia, there were greater differences compared to cycloplegia. No influence of iris color on the refraction was found.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>After induction of cycloplegia all devices showed a hyperopic shift and good comparability to retinoscopy. In all measurement modalities, no significant refraction differences between 0.5% and 1.0% cyclopentolate eye drops were seen. Therefore, 0.5% cyclopentolate was proven to have a sufficient effect with presumably better tolerability.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Key messages<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:bold>\n                <jats:italic>What is known<\/jats:italic>\n              <\/jats:bold>\n              <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>Cycloplegic refraction is a key test in the evaluation of any patient with active accommodation.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>The most frequently used clinical tests to determine the exact refraction are retinoscopy, subjective refraction, and objective refraction using autorefractometry.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n              <\/jats:list>\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:bold>\n                <jats:italic>What is new<\/jats:italic>\n              <\/jats:bold>\n              <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>No significant differences in the refraction between cycloplegia using 0.5% and 1.0% cyclopentolate eye drops were found.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>In noncycloplegia, hand-held autorefractometers tend to measure higher myopia.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>The evaluation of cycloplegic refraction showed good comparability between retinoscopy and subjective refraction as well as three different autorefractometers.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n              <\/jats:list>\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-024-06658-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T23:44:59Z","timestamp":1732319099000},"page":"1135-1146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A comparison of cycloplegic effect of cyclopentolate 0.5% versus 1.0% eye drops with five different refraction measurement modalities in young adults"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"263","author":[{"given":"Klemens Paul","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Lwowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faisal","family":"Nazir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6933-9585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Kohnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaroslava","family":"Wenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"6658_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1996.46","volume":"10","author":"J Atkinson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Atkinson J, Braddick O, Robier B et al (1996) Two infant vision screening programmes: prediction and prevention of strabismus and amblyopia from photo- and videorefractive screening. Eye (Lond) 10(Pt 2):189\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.1996.46","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"6658_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-311266","volume":"102","author":"TR Fricke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fricke TR, Jong M, Naidoo KS et al (2018) Global prevalence of visual impairment associated with myopic macular degeneration and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050: systematic review, meta-analysis and modelling. Br J Ophthalmol 102:855\u2013862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-311266","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6658_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-019-1220-0","volume":"20","author":"A Grzybowski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grzybowski A, Kanclerz P, Tsubota K et al (2020) A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide. BMC Ophthalmol 20:27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12886-019-1220-0","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6658_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12642","volume":"93","author":"IG Morgan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morgan IG, Iribarren R, Fotouhi A, Grzybowski A (2015) Cycloplegic refraction is the gold standard for epidemiological studies. Acta Ophthalmol 93:581\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.12642","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6658_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-015-3246-1","volume":"254","author":"M Mimouni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mimouni M, Zoller L, Horowitz J et al (2016) Cycloplegic autorefraction in young adults: is it mandatory? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 254:395\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-015-3246-1","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6658_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD007738","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007738.pub3","volume":"4","author":"L Jones-Jordan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jones-Jordan L, Wang X, Scherer RW, Mutti DO (2020) Spectacle correction versus no spectacles for prevention of strabismus in hyperopic children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD007738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD007738.pub3","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"6658_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-197901000-00006","volume":"56","author":"I Mohindra","year":"1979","unstructured":"Mohindra I, Molinari JF (1979) Near retinoscopy and cycloplegic retinoscopy in early primary grade schoolchildren. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 56:34\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006324-197901000-00006","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Opt"},{"key":"6658_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.03.004","volume":"127","author":"LB Wilson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilson LB, Melia M, Kraker RT et al (2020) Accuracy of Autorefraction in Children: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology 127:1259\u20131267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.03.004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"6658_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S299752","volume":"15","author":"SN Joffe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Joffe SN (2021) The 25th Anniversary of Laser Vision Correction in the United States. Clin Ophthalmol 15:1163\u20131172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OPTH.S299752","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6658_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTO.S217645","volume":"12","author":"E Major","year":"2020","unstructured":"Major E, Dutson T, Moshirfar M (2020) Cycloplegia in Children: An Optometrist\u2019s Perspective. Clin Optom (Auckl) 12:129\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OPTO.S217645","journal-title":"Clin Optom (Auckl)"},{"key":"6658_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Association AO (2020) Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline: Comprehensive Pediatric Eye and Vision Examination. OCP 2\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37685\/uiwlibraries.2575-7717.2.2.1007","DOI":"10.37685\/uiwlibraries.2575-7717.2.2.1007"},{"key":"6658_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.09.032","volume":"125","author":"DK Wallace","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wallace DK, Morse CL, Melia M et al (2018) Pediatric Eye Evaluations Preferred Practice Pattern\u00ae. Ophthalmology 125:P184\u2013P227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.09.032","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"6658_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3753","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S388982","volume":"16","author":"H Contreras-Salinas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Contreras-Salinas H, Orozco-Ceja V, Romero-L\u00f3pez MS et al (2022) Ocular Cyclopentolate: A Mini Review Concerning Its Benefits and Risks. Clin Ophthalmol 16:3753\u20133762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OPTH.S388982","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6658_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.01.084","volume":"142","author":"Y-F Choong","year":"2006","unstructured":"Choong Y-F, Chen A-H, Goh P-P (2006) A comparison of autorefraction and subjective refraction with and without cycloplegia in primary school children. Am J Ophthalmol 142:68\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.01.084","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6658_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2020.04.009","volume":"119","author":"Y-C Kuo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kuo Y-C, Wang J-H, Chiu C-J (2020) Comparison of open-field autorefraction, closed-field autorefraction, and retinoscopy for refractive measurements of children and adolescents in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 119:1251\u20131258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfma.2020.04.009","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"6658_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200308000-00010","volume":"80","author":"G Steele","year":"2003","unstructured":"Steele G, Ireland D, Block S (2003) Cycloplegic autorefraction results in pre-school children using the Nikon Retinomax Plus and the Welch Allyn SureSight. Optom Vis Sci 80:573\u2013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006324-200308000-00010","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"6658_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yuexin W, Yu Z, Yifei Y et al (2024) The impact of accommodation function on the difference between noncycloplegic and cycloplegic refraction in adult myopes. Acta Ophthalmologica 102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.16632","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.16632"},{"key":"6658_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2005.00277.x","volume":"25","author":"J Jorge","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jorge J, Queiros A, Gonz\u00e1lez-M\u00e9ijome J et al (2005) The influence of cycloplegia in objective refraction. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 25:340\u2013345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2005.00277.x","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"6658_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2010.01983.x","volume":"90","author":"A Fotouhi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fotouhi A, Morgan IG, Iribarren R et al (2012) Validity of noncycloplegic refraction in the assessment of refractive errors: the Tehran Eye Study. Acta Ophthalmol 90:380\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2010.01983.x","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6658_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sun Y-Y, Wei S-F, Li S-M, et al (2018) Cycloplegic refraction by 1% cyclopentolate in young adults: is it the gold standard? The Anyang University Students Eye Study (AUSES). Br J Ophthalmol bjophthalmol-2018\u2013312199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312199","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312199"},{"key":"6658_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-022-00569-w","volume":"11","author":"Z Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Z, Xie R, Luo R et al (2022) Comparisons of Using Cycloplegic Biometry Versus Non-cycloplegic Biometry in the Calculation of the Cycloplegic Refractive Lens Powers. Ophthalmol Ther 11:2101\u20132115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40123-022-00569-w","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"6658_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22470","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25462-1","volume":"12","author":"Y Tao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tao Y, Cheng X, Ouyang C et al (2022) Changes in ocular biological parameters after cycloplegia based on dioptre, age and sex. Sci Rep 12:22470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-25462-1","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6658_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000339","volume":"91","author":"H-C Cheng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cheng H-C, Hsieh Y-T (2014) Short-Term Refractive Change and Ocular Parameter Changes after Cycloplegia. Optom Vis Sci 91:1113\u20131117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000339","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"6658_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.4103\/tjo.tjo_110_18","volume":"10","author":"M-C Ho","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ho M-C, Hsieh Y-T, Shen E et al (2020) Short-term refractive and ocular parameter changes after topical atropine. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 10:111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/tjo.tjo_110_18","journal-title":"Taiwan J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6658_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20180327-05","volume":"55","author":"UK Raina","year":"2018","unstructured":"Raina UK, Gupta SK, Gupta A et al (2018) Effect of Cycloplegia on Optical Biometry in Pediatric Eyes. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 55:260\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/01913913-20180327-05","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"6658_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-01131-3","volume":"35","author":"I Tuncer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tuncer I, Zengin M\u00d6, Y\u0131ld\u0131z S (2021) The effect of cycloplegia on the ocular biometry and intraocular lens power based on age. Eye 35:676\u2013681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-020-01131-3","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"6658_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4103\/jovr.jovr_196_17","volume":"13","author":"A Bagheri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bagheri A, Feizi M, Shafii A et al (2018) Effect of Cycloplegia on Corneal Biometrics and Refractive State. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 13:101\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jovr.jovr_196_17","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res"},{"key":"6658_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2008.00616.x","volume":"29","author":"S Prabakaran","year":"2009","unstructured":"Prabakaran S, Dirani M, Chia A et al (2009) Cycloplegic refraction in preschool children: comparisons between the hand-held autorefractor, table-mounted autorefractor and retinoscopy. Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic 29:422\u2013426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2008.00616.x","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"},{"key":"6658_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1177\/1024907917748726","volume":"25","author":"C Turan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Turan C, Keskin G, Gunes S et al (2018) Infantil delirium induced by cycloplegic eye drops. Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 25:226\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1024907917748726","journal-title":"Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"6658_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.5152\/jarem.2016.1011","volume":"7","author":"C Unlu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Unlu C, Sen B, Devrim S et al (2017) A Case of Pediatric Intoxication Due to Overdose Cylopentolate Ophthalmic Solution Application. JAREM 7:92\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5152\/jarem.2016.1011","journal-title":"JAREM"},{"key":"6658_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oftale.2023.07.001","volume":"98","author":"G Castilla Martinez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Castilla Martinez G, Tarazona Jaimes CP, Gutierrez Amoros C et al (2023) Comparability of the Retinomax K-plus 3 handheld autorefractometer in quick mode versus on-table autorefractometer in standard mode. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (Engl Ed) 98:533\u2013539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oftale.2023.07.001","journal-title":"Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"6658_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20141230-06","volume":"52","author":"I Yilmaz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yilmaz I, Ozkaya A, Alkin Z et al (2015) Comparison of the Plusoptix A09 and Retinomax K-Plus 3 with retinoscopy in children. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 52:37\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/01913913-20141230-06","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"}],"container-title":["Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-024-06658-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00417-024-06658-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-024-06658-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T15:02:57Z","timestamp":1747839777000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00417-024-06658-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["6658"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-024-06658-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0721-832X","1435-702X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0721-832X","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-702X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 September 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 October 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 November 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany, and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"K.P.K.: Lecture fees from Oculus. T.K: Consultant and Research for Alcon\/Novartis, J&J, Lensgen, Oculentis, Oculus, Presbia, Schwind, Teleon, Zeiss. Consultant for Allergan, Avedro, Bausch & Lomb, Geuder, Med Update, Nevakar, Santen, Staar, Stadapharm, Thieme, Ziemer.\u00a0All other authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers\u2019 bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}