{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T23:57:23Z","timestamp":1789343843384,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735257600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-024-06726-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T21:07:55Z","timestamp":1735333675000},"page":"1405-1415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Implications of optic disc rotation in the visual field progression of myopic open-angle glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"263","author":[{"given":"Pei-Ning","family":"Tu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Heng","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6531-6589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Chun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"6726_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","volume":"123","author":"BA Holden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, Jong M, Naidoo KS, Sankaridurg P et al (2016) Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology 123(5):1036\u20131042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"6726_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2017.03.006","volume":"62","author":"BY Ding","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ding BY, Shih YF, Lin LLK, Hsiao CK, Wang IJ (2017) Myopia among schoolchildren in east Asia and Singapore. Surv Ophthalmol 62(5):677\u2013697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2017.03.006","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6726_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.07.017","volume":"128","author":"TH Tsai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsai TH, Liu YL, Ma IH, Su CC, Lin CW, Lin LL et al (2021) Evolution of the Prevalence of Myopia among Taiwanese Schoolchildren: A Review of Survey Data from 1983 through 2017. Ophthalmology 128(2):290\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.07.017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"10","key":"6726_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-6420(99)90416-5","volume":"106","author":"P Mitchell","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mitchell P, Hourihan F, Sandbach J, Wang JJ (1999) The relationship between glaucoma and myopia: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 106(10):2010\u20132015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0161-6420(99)90416-5","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"6726_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.06.050","volume":"114","author":"L Xu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Xu L, Wang Y, Wang S, Wang Y, Jonas JB (2007) High myopia and glaucoma susceptibility the Beijing Eye Study. Ophthalmology 114(2):216\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.06.050","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"6726_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11158","volume":"54","author":"M Qiu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Qiu M, Wang SY, Singh K, Lin SC (2013) Association between myopia and glaucoma in the United States population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 54(1):830\u2013835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.12-11158","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"6726_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4927","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15819","volume":"56","author":"HY Park","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park HY, Choi SI, Choi JA, Park CK (2015) Disc Torsion and Vertical Disc Tilt Are Related to Subfoveal Scleral Thickness in Open-Angle Glaucoma Patients With Myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 56(8):4927\u20134935. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.14-15819","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"6726_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170733","volume":"12","author":"Y Sawada","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sawada Y, Hangai M, Ishikawa M, Yoshitomi T (2017) Association of Myopic Deformation of Optic Disc with Visual Field Progression in Paired Eyes with Open-Angle Glaucoma. PLoS ONE 12(1):e0170733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0170733","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"6726_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18001","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18297-8","volume":"7","author":"YC Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim YC, Jung KI, Park HL, Park CK (2017) Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Posterior Pole and Optic Nerve Head in Myopes with Glaucoma. Sci Rep 7(1):18001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-18297-8","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"6726_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-6646(09)60019-X","volume":"107","author":"YA Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee YA, Shih YF, Lin LL, Huang JY, Wang TH (2008) Association between high myopia and progression of visual field loss in primary open-angle glaucoma. J Formos Med Assoc 107(12):952\u2013957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0929-6646(09)60019-X","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"6726_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1159\/000310760","volume":"211","author":"E Chihara","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chihara E, Liu X, Dong J, Takashima Y, Akimoto M, Hangai M et al (1997) Severe myopia as a risk factor for progressive visual field loss in primary open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmologica 211(2):66\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000310760","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"issue":"2","key":"6726_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2018.0084","volume":"33","author":"JA Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim JA, Kim TW, Lee EJ, Hwang JM (2019) Development of Optic Disc Torsion in Children. Korean J Ophthalmol 33(2):173\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3341\/kjo.2018.0084","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6726_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2958","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15953","volume":"56","author":"KM Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee KM, Lee EJ, Kim TW (2015) Lamina cribrosa configuration in tilted optic discs with different tilt axes: a new hypothesis regarding optic disc tilt and torsion. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 56(5):2958\u20132967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.14-15953","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"6726_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2014.256","volume":"29","author":"HY Park","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park HY, Jung Y, Park CK (2015) Posterior staphyloma is related to optic disc morphology and the location of visual field defect in normal tension glaucoma patients with myopia. Eye 29(3):333\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.2014.256","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"2","key":"6726_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.10.018","volume":"123","author":"MS Sung","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sung MS, Kang YS, Heo H, Park SW (2016) Characteristics of Optic Disc Rotation in Myopic Eyes. Ophthalmology 123(2):400\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.10.018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"6726_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.11.014","volume":"121","author":"KS Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee KS, Lee JR, Kook MS (2014) Optic disc torsion presenting as unilateral glaucomatous-appearing visual field defect in young myopic Korean eyes. Ophthalmology 121(5):1013\u20131019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.11.014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"12","key":"6726_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209755","volume":"13","author":"CH Hung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hung CH, Lee SH, Lin SY, Lin SL, Chen YC (2018) The relationship between optic nerve head deformation and visual field defects in myopic eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma. PLoS ONE 13(12):e0209755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0209755","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"6726_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.03.006","volume":"119","author":"HY Park","year":"2012","unstructured":"Park HY, Lee K, Park CK (2012) Optic disc torsion direction predicts the location of glaucomatous damage in normal-tension glaucoma patients with myopia. Ophthalmology 119(9):1844\u20131851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.03.006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"8","key":"6726_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4991","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14663","volume":"55","author":"JA Choi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Choi JA, Park HY, Shin HY, Park CK (2014) Optic disc tilt direction determines the location of initial glaucomatous damage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 55(8):4991\u20134998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.14-14663","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"6726_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12327","volume":"56","author":"HY Park","year":"2014","unstructured":"Park HY, Lee KI, Lee K, Shin HY, Park CK (2014) Torsion of the optic nerve head is a prominent feature of normal-tension glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 56(1):156\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.13-12327","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"14","key":"6726_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6265","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22534","volume":"58","author":"KI Na","year":"2017","unstructured":"Na KI, Lee WJ, Kim YK, Park KH, Jeoung JW (2017) Evaluation of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thinning in Myopic Glaucoma: Impact of Optic Disc Morphology. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 58(14):6265\u20136272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.17-22534","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"6726_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.03.040","volume":"123","author":"MS Sung","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sung MS, Kang YS, Heo H, Park SW (2016) Optic Disc Rotation as a Clue for Predicting Visual Field Progression in Myopic Normal-Tension Glaucoma. Ophthalmology 123(7):1484\u20131493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.03.040","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"6726_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9394(01)01424-6","volume":"133","author":"AC Wadood","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wadood AC, Azuara-Blanco A, Aspinall P, Taguri A, King AJ (2002) Sensitivity and specificity of frequency-doubling technology, tendency-oriented perimetry, and Humphrey Swedish interactive threshold algorithm-fast perimetry in a glaucoma practice. Am J Ophthalmol 133(3):327\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0002-9394(01)01424-6","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6726_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-6420(99)00026-3","volume":"107","author":"J Morales","year":"2000","unstructured":"Morales J, Weitzman ML, Gonz\u00e1lez de la Rosa M (2000) Comparison between Tendency-Oriented Perimetry (TOP) and octopus threshold perimetry. Ophthalmology 107(1):134\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0161-6420(99)00026-3","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"6726_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210601600211","volume":"16","author":"M Gonzalez de la Rosa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gonzalez de la Rosa M, Gonzalez-Hernandez M, Garcia Feijoo J, Morales J, Azuara-Blanco A (2006) Diagnostic accuracy and reproducibility of tendency oriented perimetry in glaucoma. Eur J Ophthalmo 16(2):259\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/112067210601600211","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmo"},{"issue":"12","key":"6726_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-309914","volume":"101","author":"J Kwon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kwon J, Sung KR, Park JM (2017) Myopic glaucomatous eyes with or without optic disc shape alteration: a longitudinal study. Br J Ophthalmol 101(12):1618\u20131622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-309914","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6726_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2017.33","volume":"31","author":"MS Sung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sung MS, Heo H, Ji YS, Park SW (2017) Predicting the risk of parafoveal scotoma in myopic normal tension glaucoma: role of optic disc tilt and rotation. Eye 31:1051\u20131059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.2017.33","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"5","key":"6726_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175749","volume":"12","author":"YY Fan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fan YY, Jonas JB, Wang YX, Chen CX, Wei WB (2017) Horizontal and vertical optic disc rotation. Beijing Eye Study PLoS One 12(5):e0175749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0175749","journal-title":"Beijing Eye Study PLoS One"},{"key":"6726_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.06.003","volume":"232","author":"A Ha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ha A, Chung W, Shim SR, Kim CY, Chang IB, Kim YK et al (2021) Association of Optic Disc Tilt and Torsion with Open-Angle Glaucoma Progression Risk: Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression Analysis. Am J Ophthalmol 232:30\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.06.003","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6726_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001200","volume":"95","author":"Z Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li Z, Guo X, Xiao O, Lee PY, Liu R, Wang D et al (2018) Optic Disc Features in Highly Myopic Eyes: The ZOC-BHVI High Myopia Cohort Study. Optom Vis Sci 95(4):318\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001200","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"6726_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.6.20","volume":"63","author":"D Cheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheng D, Ruan K, Wu M, Qiao Y, Gao W, Lian H et al (2022) Characteristics of the Optic Nerve Head in Myopic Eyes Using Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 63(6):20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.63.6.20","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"6726_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100933","volume":"83","author":"YX Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang YX, Panda-Jonas S, Jonas JB (2021) Optic nerve head anatomy in myopia and glaucoma, including parapapillary zones alpha, beta, gamma and delta: Histology and clinical features. Prog Retin Eye Res 83:100933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100933","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"6726_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-020-00210-6","volume":"7","author":"JB Jonas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jonas JB, Wang YX, Dong L, Guo Y, Panda-Jonas S (2020) Advances in myopia research anatomical findings in highly myopic eyes. Eye Vis (Lond) 7:45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40662-020-00210-6","journal-title":"Eye Vis (Lond)"},{"key":"6726_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094937","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1094937","volume":"10","author":"PP Chan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chan PP, Zhang Y, Pang CP (2023) Myopic tilted disc: Mechanism, clinical significance, and public health implication. Front Med (Lausanne) 10:1094937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2023.1094937","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"10","key":"6726_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187160","volume":"12","author":"MS Sung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sung MS, Lee TH, Heo H, Park SW (2017) Clinical features of superficial and deep peripapillary microvascular density in healthy myopic eyes. PLoS ONE 12(10):e0187160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0187160","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"6726_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95984-7","volume":"11","author":"HL Park","year":"2021","unstructured":"Park HL, Shin DY, Jeon SJ, Kim YC, Jung Y, Kim EK et al (2021) Predicting the development of normal tension glaucoma and related risk factors in normal tension glaucoma suspects. Sci Rep 11(1):16697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-95984-7","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6726_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.06.005","volume":"169","author":"JC Han","year":"2016","unstructured":"Han JC, Lee EJ, Kim SH, Kee C (2016) Visual Field Progression Pattern Associated With Optic Disc Tilt Morphology in Myopic Open-Angle Glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 169:33\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.06.005","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-024-06726-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00417-024-06726-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-024-06726-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T09:51:33Z","timestamp":1749462693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00417-024-06726-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["6726"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-024-06726-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0721-832X","1435-702X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0721-832X","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-702X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 December 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 December 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No Conflicts of Interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Cathay General Hospital and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was considered not required by Institutional Review Board of the Cathay General Hospital and all data were fully de-identified before accessing them.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}