{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T13:46:23Z","timestamp":1787579183051,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008793","name":"Universidad del Rosario","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008793","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electrical and lightning injuries are rare but carry significant risks for ocular complications. This systematic review aims to synthesize data on ocular manifestations, visual outcomes, and treatment approaches following such traumas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive literature search was conducted up to August 21, 2023, utilizing PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases. Observational studies, including case reports, case series, and cross-sectional studies involving patients with electrical and lightning injuries, were included. Quality and risk of bias were assessed using the Hoy et al. tools for cross-sectional studies and the Hassan Murad et al. recommendations for case reports and series. Data on ocular manifestations, visual outcomes, and administered treatments were extracted. Manifestations were compared across high-voltage (\u2265\u20091000\u00a0V) and low-voltage (&lt;\u20091000\u00a0V) exposures. Visual outcomes were classified into no visual impairment (Best Corrected visual acuity [BCVA] better than 0.4 LogMAR), any vision impairment (BCVA of 0.4 LogMAR or worse), and legal blindness (BCVA of 1.0 LogMAR or worse). This review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023453495).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The review included 71 studies comprising 183 patients. Cataracts were the most common anterior segment finding (30.05%), and macular cysts were the predominant posterior segment finding (10.38%). Visual outcomes reported for 56 patients showed that 51.35% experienced some degree of visual impairment, with 33.92% classified as legally blind. High-voltage exposure was associated with a higher frequency of cataracts (82.35% vs 37.50%) and macular cysts (11.76% vs. 0%) compared to low-voltage injuries. Patients with legal blindness more frequently exhibited cataracts (73.68% of legally blind patients vs. 61.29% with some visual impairment vs. 56.0% with no visual impairment) and macular cysts (26.32% of legally blind patients vs. 12.0% with no visual impairment). Surgical interventions such as phacoemulsification (15.85%) and vitrectomy (6.02%) were conducted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electrical and lightning injuries can lead to significant ocular complications; the frequency of those complications varies according to the voltage of exposure and the resulting visual outcomes, occurring more frequently in patients exposed to high voltages and those who are legally blind.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-025-06844-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:19:22Z","timestamp":1750983562000},"page":"2955-2973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Ophthalmological manifestations, visual outcomes, and treatment of electrical and lightning trauma: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"263","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda A.","family":"Piedrahita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8473-3775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s Felipe","family":"Pineda-Vanegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9874-5331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Moreno-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3341-9073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Andrea","family":"Est\u00e9vez-Fl\u00f3rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Espa\u00f1a-Isaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"Infante-Orteg\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1106-6235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana V.","family":"Rey-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Cifuentes-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4646-6991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Daniela","family":"Rodriguez-Camelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1241-0715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Germ\u00e1n","family":"Mej\u00eda-Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0684-1989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandra","family":"de-la-Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"6844_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511663291","volume-title":"Electrical trauma: the pathophysiology, manifestations and clinical management","author":"RC Lee","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lee RC, Cravalho EG, Burke JF (1992) Electrical trauma: the pathophysiology, manifestations and clinical management, 1st edn. University Press, Cambridge","edition":"1"},{"key":"6844_CR2","first-page":"981","volume-title":"Handbook of clinical neurology","author":"A Sanford","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sanford A, Gamelli RL (2014) Lightning and thermal injuries. In: Handbook of clinical neurology. Elsevier, pp 981\u2013986"},{"key":"6844_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2017.02.021","volume":"44","author":"J Friedstat","year":"2017","unstructured":"Friedstat J, Brown DA, Levi B (2017) Chemical, electrical, and radiation injuries. Clin Plast Surg 44:657\u2013669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cps.2017.02.021","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"key":"6844_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2013.03.023","volume":"39","author":"EJ Bae","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bae EJ, Hong IH, Park SP et al (2013) Overview of ocular complications in patients with electrical burns: an analysis of 102 cases across a 7-year period. Burns 39:1380\u20131385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.burns.2013.03.023","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"6844_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2019.11.007","volume":"46","author":"JM-A Quesada","year":"2020","unstructured":"Quesada JM-A, Lloves JM, Delgado DV (2020) Ocular chemical burns in the workplace: epidemiological characteristics. Burns 46:1212\u20131218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.burns.2019.11.007","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"6844_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2006.00822.x","volume":"85","author":"SR Durkin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Durkin SR, Roos D, Higgs B et al (2007) Ophthalmic and adnexal complications of radiotherapy. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 85:240\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2006.00822.x","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"6844_CR7","unstructured":"(2020) PRISMA 2020 checklist. https:\/\/www.prisma-statement.org\/prisma-2020-checklist"},{"key":"6844_CR8","unstructured":"(2024) Google traductor. In: Entiende El Mundo Que Te Rodea Comun\u00edcate En Distint. Idiom. https:\/\/translate.google.com\/?hl=es&sl=en&tl=es&op=translate"},{"key":"6844_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.11.014","volume":"65","author":"D Hoy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoy D, Brooks P, Woolf A et al (2012) Assessing risk of bias in prevalence studies: modification of an existing tool and evidence of interrater agreement. J Clin Epidemiol 65:934\u2013939. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.11.014","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"6844_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjebm-2017-110853","volume":"23","author":"MH Murad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Murad MH, Sultan S, Haffar S, Bazerbachi F (2018) Methodological quality and synthesis of case series and case reports. BMJ Evid-Based Med 23:60\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjebm-2017-110853","journal-title":"BMJ Evid-Based Med"},{"key":"6844_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K\u00e6rgaard A, Nielsen KJ, Carstensen O, Biering K (2023) Electrical injury and the long-term risk of cataract: a prospective matched cohort study. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 101(1):e88\u2013e94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.15220","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15220"},{"key":"6844_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.32.4.333","volume":"32","author":"M Cherington","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cherington M, Breed DW, Yarnell PR, Smith WE (1998) Lightning injuries during snowy conditions. Br J Sports Med 32:333\u2013335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.32.4.333","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"6844_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2000.246","volume":"14","author":"S Cazabon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cazabon S, Dabbs TR (2000) Lightning-induced cataract. Eye 14:903\u2013904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.2000.246","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"6844_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2004.00318.x","volume":"82","author":"LK Sommer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sommer LK, Lund-Andersen H (2004) Skin burn, bilateral iridocyclitis and amnesia following a lightning injury. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 82:596\u2013598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2004.00318.x","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"6844_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(01)01400-3","volume":"133","author":"C-J Lin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lin C-J, Yang C-H, Yang C-M, Chang K-P (2002) Abnormal electroretinogram and abnormal electrooculogram after lightning-induced ocular injury. Am J Ophthalmol 133:578\u2013579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9394(01)01400-3","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm1213581","volume":"370","author":"BS Korn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Korn BS, Kikkawa DO (2014) Ocular manifestation of electrical burn. N Engl J Med 370:e6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMicm1213581","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6844_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(98)00294-3","volume":"127","author":"A Espaillat","year":"1999","unstructured":"Espaillat A, Janigian R, To K (1999) Cataracts, bilateral macular holes, and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment induced by lightning. Am J Ophthalmol 127:216\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9394(98)00294-3","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR18","first-page":"79","volume-title":"QUISTES MACULARES BILATERALES INDUCIDOS POR DESCARGA EL\u00c9CTRICA. PRESENTACI\u00d3N DE UN CASO","author":"M Manrique-Cerrillo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Manrique-Cerrillo M, Murillo-L\u00f3pez, Leizaola-Fern\u00e1ndez C et al (2004) QUISTES MACULARES BILATERALES INDUCIDOS POR DESCARGA EL\u00c9CTRICA. PRESENTACI\u00d3N DE UN CASO, p 79"},{"key":"6844_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2006.01377.x","volume":"34","author":"PJ Rivas-Agui\u00f1o","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rivas-Agui\u00f1o PJ, Garcia RA, Arevalo JF (2006) Bilateral macular cyst after lightning visualized with optical coherence tomography. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 34:893\u2013894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2006.01377.x","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whelan T, McCarthy (1998) High-voltage electrical injury. Inj Br J Accid Surg 19:364\u2013365","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1383(88)90117-9"},{"key":"6844_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(84)90521-X","volume":"97","author":"RV Campo","year":"1984","unstructured":"Campo RV, Lewis RS (1984) Lightning-induced macular hole. Am J Ophthalmol 97:792\u2013794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9394(84)90521-X","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1067\/min.2000.101999","volume":"25","author":"L Hunt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hunt L (2000) Ocular injuries induced by lightning. Insight - J Am Soc Ophthalmic Regist Nurses 25:59\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/min.2000.101999","journal-title":"Insight - J Am Soc Ophthalmic Regist Nurses"},{"key":"6844_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(56)90023-X","volume":"42","author":"I Givner","year":"1956","unstructured":"Givner I (1956) Electrical burn of right globe and adnexa. Am J Ophthalmol 42:126\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9394(56)90023-X","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1383(94)90082-5","volume":"25","author":"DJ Wainwright","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wainwright DJ, Fuchshuber P (1994) Delayed spinal cord damage and a unilateral macular hole following electrical trauma. Injury 25:275\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0020-1383(94)90082-5","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"6844_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.37845\/ret.vit.2021.30.35","volume":"30","author":"S S\u0131zmaz","year":"2021","unstructured":"S\u0131zmaz S, Esen E, Demircan N (2021) Bilateral lightning injury of the eye: case report and review of the literature. J Retina-Vitr 30:197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37845\/ret.vit.2021.30.35","journal-title":"J Retina-Vitr"},{"key":"6844_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2020.100760","volume":"19","author":"A Mishulin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mishulin A, Arsenault S, Glybina I, Tomsak RL (2020) Reversible retinoschisis following high voltage electrical injury evaluated with optical coherence tomography and electrophysiology. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 19:100760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajoc.2020.100760","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"key":"6844_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1159\/000510710","volume":"11","author":"O Alamri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alamri O, Alturkistani D, Saifaldein A, Talatt K (2020) Bilateral impending macular hole, cataract and uveitis following electrical injury. Case Rep Ophthalmol 11:647\u2013651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000510710","journal-title":"Case Rep Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/01658107.2018.1540644","volume":"44","author":"A Korkmaz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Korkmaz A, Karti O, Zengin MO et al (2020) Simultaneous cataract, maculopathy and optic atrophy secondary to high-voltage electrical shock injury. Neuro-Ophthalmol 44:34\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01658107.2018.1540644","journal-title":"Neuro-Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S242327","volume":"14","author":"E Pradhan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pradhan E, Khatri A, Ahmed AA et al (2020) Lightning injury to eye: brief review of the literature and case series. Clin Ophthalmol 14:597\u2013607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OPTH.S242327","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4103\/ojo.OJO_129_2016","volume":"13","author":"A Yadav","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yadav A, Katiyar V, Phadikar P, Gupta SK (2020) A case of isolated bilateral cataract following high-voltage electrical injury. Oman J Ophthalmol 13:34\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ojo.OJO_129_2016","journal-title":"Oman J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002692","volume":"39","author":"K Harris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris K, Morris RE, Patel HR, Oltmanns MH (2019) Bilateral Ocular Injury From Lightning Strike. Retina 39:e51\u2013e52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002692","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"6844_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumawat D, Ramananda K, Sahay P, Kumar A (2017) Posterior capsular rupture and spontaneous posterior dislocation of lens following electrical injury. BMJ Case Rep:bcr-2017-222765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2017-222765","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2017-222765"},{"key":"6844_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.1018","volume":"134","author":"TYA Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu TYA, See C, Singman E, Han IC (2016) Delayed onset of intraretinal cystoid abnormalities in lightning retinopathy. JAMA Ophthalmol 134:840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.1018","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Izzy S, Deeb W, Peters GB, Mitchell A (2014) Isolated optic nerve oedema as unusual presentation of electric injury. BMJ Case Rep:bcr2014205016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2014-205016","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-205016"},{"key":"6844_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2012.06.009","volume":"70","author":"VK Baranwal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baranwal VK, Satyabala K, Gaur S, Dutta AK (2014) A case of electric cataract. Med J Armed Forces India 70:284\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mjafi.2012.06.009","journal-title":"Med J Armed Forces India"},{"key":"6844_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.4274\/tjo.73644","volume":"44","author":"S Ak\u00e7a Bayar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ak\u00e7a Bayar S, Sar\u0131g\u00fcl A, Y\u0131lmaz G, Yaman P\u0131narc\u0131 E (2014) Development of optic neuropathy and foveal pseudocyst in a case of high-voltage electrical injury: a three-year follow-up. T\u00fcrk Oftalmol Derg 44:410\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/tjo.73644","journal-title":"T\u00fcrk Oftalmol Derg"},{"key":"6844_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.109532","volume":"61","author":"M Tandon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tandon M, Agarwal A, Gupta V, Gupta A (2013) Peripapillary retinal thermal coagulation following electrical injury. Indian J Ophthalmol 61:240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0301-4738.109532","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Armstrong B, Fecarotta C, Ho AC, Baskin DE (2010) Evolution of severe lightning maculopathy visualized with spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 41 Suppl:S70\u2013S73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/15428877-20101031-02","DOI":"10.3928\/15428877-20101031-02"},{"key":"6844_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3129\/i09-208","volume":"45","author":"J Rajagopal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rajagopal J, Shetty SB, Kamath AG, Kamath GG (2010) Macular hole following electrical shock injury. Can J Ophthalmol 45:187\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3129\/i09-208","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.57156","volume":"57","author":"K Rao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rao K, Rao L, Kamath A, Jain V (2009) Bilateral macular hole secondary to remote lightning strike. Indian J Ophthalmol 57:470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0301-4738.57156","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s00238-007-0195-x","volume":"31","author":"MR Khan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Khan MR, El Faki HMA (2008) Acute cataract and optic atrophy after high-voltage electrical injury. Eur J Plast Surg 31:73\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00238-007-0195-x","journal-title":"Eur J Plast Surg"},{"key":"6844_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2007.01.041","volume":"33","author":"DS Grewal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Grewal DS, Jain R, Brar GS, Grewal SPS (2007) Unilateral electric cataract: Scheimpflug imaging and review of the literature. J Cataract Refract Surg 33:1116\u20131119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrs.2007.01.041","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"6844_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702279","volume":"20","author":"SE Liyanage","year":"2006","unstructured":"Liyanage SE, Khemka S, De Alwis DV (2006) Acute subretinal macular haemorrhage following an accidental electrical shock. Eye 20:1422\u20131424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.eye.6702279","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"6844_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BCR.0000132167.03930.DB","volume":"25","author":"FM Mutlu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mutlu FM, Duman H, Cil Y (2004) Early-onset unilateral electric cataract: a rare clinical entity. J Burn Care Rehabil 25:363\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.BCR.0000132167.03930.DB","journal-title":"J Burn Care Rehabil"},{"key":"6844_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(98)00144-2","volume":"29","author":"S Dinakaran","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dinakaran S, Desai SP, Elsom DM (1998) Telephone-mediated lightning injury causing cataract. Injury 29:645\u2013646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0020-1383(98)00144-2","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"6844_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_536_17","volume":"65","author":"R Ranjan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ranjan R, Manayath G, Dsouza P, Narendran V (2017) Spontaneous anatomical and functional recovery of bilateral electric shock maculopathy. Indian J Ophthalmol 65:1256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_536_17","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)74065-6","volume":"114","author":"K Dolphin","year":"1992","unstructured":"Dolphin K, Lincoff H (1992) Bilateral radiant damage to the cornea and retina after exposure to a 700-V electric discharge. Am J Ophthalmol 114:775\u2013776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)74065-6","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3699667","volume":"2022","author":"S Khazaei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khazaei S, Motamed Shariati M, Shoeibi N et al (2022) Paracentral acute middle maculopathy and central retinal venous occlusion following electrical injury. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med 2022:1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/3699667","journal-title":"Case Rep Ophthalmol Med"},{"key":"6844_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dhillon PS, Gupta M (2015) Ophthalmic manifestations postlightning strike. BMJ Case Rep:bcr2014207594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2014-207594","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-207594"},{"key":"6844_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200504000-00025","volume":"25","author":"SJ Moon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moon SJ, Kim JE, Han DP (2005) Lightning-induced maculopathy. Retina 25:380\u2013382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006982-200504000-00025","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"6844_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/000496196","volume":"10","author":"HR Choe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Choe HR, Park UC (2019) Different types of maculopathy in eyes after a high-voltage electrical shock injury. Case Rep Ophthalmol 10:19\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000496196","journal-title":"Case Rep Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-3180-2014-1326643","volume":"132","author":"LD Faustino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Faustino LD, Oliveira RA, Oliveira AF et al (2014) Bilateral maculopathy following electrical burn: case report. Sao Paulo Med J 132:372\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1516-3180-2014-1326643","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Med J"},{"key":"6844_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2008.03.044","volume":"34","author":"H Hashemi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hashemi H, Jabbarvand M, Mohammadpour M (2008) Bilateral electric cataracts: clinicopathologic report. J Cataract Refract Surg 34:1409\u20131412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrs.2008.03.044","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"6844_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2005.00949.x","volume":"33","author":"P Sony","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sony P, Venkatesh P, Tewari HK, Garg SP (2005) Bilateral macular cysts following electric burn. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 33:78\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2005.00949.x","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-8-399","volume":"8","author":"P Ouyang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ouyang P, Karapetyan A, Cui J, Duan X (2014) Bilateral impending macular holes after a high-voltage electrical shock injury and its surgical outcome: a case report. J Med Case Reports 8:399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1752-1947-8-399","journal-title":"J Med Case Reports"},{"key":"6844_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.3129\/i09-100","volume":"44","author":"H Lakosha","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lakosha H, Tremblay F, Becker ID (2009) High-voltage electrical trauma to the eye. Can J Ophthalmol 44:605\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3129\/i09-100","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210601600422","volume":"16","author":"A Gupta","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gupta A, Kaliaperumal S, Sengupta S, Babu R (2006) Bilateral cataract following lightning injury. Eur J Ophthalmol 16:624\u2013626. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/112067210601600422","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02027895","volume":"11","author":"SMH Al Rabiah","year":"1987","unstructured":"Al Rabiah SMH, Archer DB, Millar R et al (1987) Electrical injury of the eye. Int Ophthalmol 11:31\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02027895","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00919413","volume":"18","author":"Z Biro","year":"1994","unstructured":"Biro Z, Pamer Z (1994) Electrical cataract and optic neuropathy. Int Ophthalmol 18:43\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00919413","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1737_18","volume":"67","author":"A Sharma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharma A, Reddy YVG, Shetty A, Kader SA (2019) Electric shock induced Purtscher-like retinopathy. Indian J Ophthalmol 67:1497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1737_18","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1177\/112067219900900211","volume":"9","author":"SC Reddy","year":"1999","unstructured":"Reddy SC (1999) Electric cataract: a case report and review of the literature. Eur J Ophthalmol 9:134\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/112067219900900211","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Duman R, \u00c7evik SG, T\u00fcfek\u00e7i A (2015) Unilateral uveitis, cataract and retinal detachment following low-voltage electrical injury. Burns Trauma 3:19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41038-015-0020-x","DOI":"10.1186\/s41038-015-0020-x"},{"key":"6844_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.4103\/tjo.tjo_7_20","volume":"11","author":"C Pe\u00f1aranda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1aranda C, Acon D, Valdes C, Wu L (2021) Bilateral maculopathy and cataracts secondary to an accidental high-voltage electrical discharge. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 11:187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/tjo.tjo_7_20","journal-title":"Taiwan J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang MM, Radulovich NP, Fu R et al (2023) Electrical burn of the eye and orbit with severe delayed sequelae from an arc welding accident. Orbit 43(5):1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01676830.2023.2220123","DOI":"10.1080\/01676830.2023.2220123"},{"key":"6844_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pineda-Vanegas AF, Moreno-Mendoza F, Est\u00e9vez-Fl\u00f3rez MA et al (2024) Anterior and intermediate uveitis with macular hole probably secondary to high-voltage electrical burn. Clin Exp Optom 108(2):1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08164622.2024.2364761","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2024.2364761"},{"key":"6844_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.5719","volume":"136","author":"N Venkateswaran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Venkateswaran N, Galor A (2018) Rosette-shaped cataract due to lightning injury. JAMA Ophthalmol 136:e175719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.5719","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.179724","volume":"64","author":"E Rishi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rishi E, Indu V, Rishi P (2016) Lightning injury of posterior segment of the eye. Indian J Ophthalmol 64:151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0301-4738.179724","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1245791","volume":"228","author":"T Walkow","year":"2011","unstructured":"Walkow T, Meyer-R\u00fcsenberg H-W (2011) Makulaforamen, Optikusatrophie, Keratokonjunktivitis sicca und bilaterale Cataracta complicata nach einer Hochspannungsverletzung. Klin Monatsbl\u00e4tter F\u00fcr Augenheilkd 228:821\u2013822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0029-1245791","journal-title":"Klin Monatsbl\u00e4tter F\u00fcr Augenheilkd"},{"key":"6844_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1097\/00004630-199109000-00012","volume":"12","author":"GT Boozalis","year":"1991","unstructured":"Boozalis GT, Purdue GF, Hunt JL, McCulley JP (1991) Ocular changes from electrical burn injuries: a literature review and report of cases. J Burn Care Rehabil 12:458\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004630-199109000-00012","journal-title":"J Burn Care Rehabil"},{"key":"6844_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.609562","volume":"7","author":"S Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang S, Wang Y, Peng L et al (2020) Comparison of clinical features in HLA-B27 positive and negative patients with axial spondyloarthritis: results from a cohort of 4,131 patients. Front Med 7:609562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2020.609562","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"6844_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-024-03512-8","volume":"24","author":"S Yi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yi S, Wang G, Meng X, Lu X (2024) Neurotrophic keratitis caused by lightning injury: a case report. BMC Ophthalmol 24:244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12886-024-03512-8","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1177\/2474126420903277","volume":"4","author":"DA Valera-Cornejo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Valera-Cornejo DA, Garc\u00eda-Roa M, Ram\u00edrez-Neria P et al (2020) Electric shock retinopathy: case report of a late retinal manifestation. J Vitreoretin Dis 4:139\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2474126420903277","journal-title":"J Vitreoretin Dis"},{"key":"6844_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8831987","volume":"2021","author":"S Khadka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khadka S, Byanju R, Pradhan S et al (2021) Evolution of lightning maculopathy: presentation of two clinical cases and brief review of the literature. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med 2021:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/8831987","journal-title":"Case Rep Ophthalmol Med"},{"key":"6844_CR74","first-page":"224","volume":"50","author":"H Datta","year":"2002","unstructured":"Datta H, Sarkar K, Chatterjee PR et al (2002) An unusual case of late ocular changes after lightning injury. Indian J Ophthalmol 50:224\u2013225","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00414558","volume":"214","author":"DC Bienfang","year":"1980","unstructured":"Bienfang DC, Zakov ZN, Albert DM (1980) Severe electrical burn of the eye. Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Fr Klin Exp Ophthalmol 214:147\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00414558","journal-title":"Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Fr Klin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR76","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"C Tupper","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tupper C, Doyal A (2024) OSHA electrical safety. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL)"},{"key":"6844_CR77","unstructured":"(2022) 10 tips to avoid electrical hazards. https:\/\/tss-safety.com\/10-tips-to-avoid-electrical-hazards\/"},{"key":"6844_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee WK, Barnett SM, Stead T et al (2021) Flash burn of the eyes caused by high-voltage electrical spark. Cureus. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.12662","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.12662"},{"key":"6844_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1995.01100080128041","volume":"113","author":"W-DA Lagr\u00e8ze","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lagr\u00e8ze W-DA (1995) Lightning-induced ocular injury. Arch Ophthalmol 113:1076. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.1995.01100080128041","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoint.2024.100089","volume":"2","author":"H Abu Serhan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abu Serhan H, Taha MJJ, Abuawwad MT et al (2025) Ophthalmic manifestations and complications following electrical injury: a comprehensive systematic review. AJO Int 2:100089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajoint.2024.100089","journal-title":"AJO Int"},{"key":"6844_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcro.2013.12.002","volume":"2","author":"I Toprak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Toprak I, Yaylal\u0131 V (2014) Bilateral cataract formation 25 years after indirect lightning injury. JCRS Online Case Rep 2:e16\u2013e17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcro.2013.12.002","journal-title":"JCRS Online Case Rep"},{"key":"6844_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ICL.0000032345.79593.24","volume":"28","author":"BK Miller","year":"2002","unstructured":"Miller BK, Goldstein MH, Monshizadeh R et al (2002) Ocular manifestations of electrical injury: a case report and review of the literature. CLAO J Off Publ Contact Lens Assoc Ophthalmol Inc 28:224\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.ICL.0000032345.79593.24","journal-title":"CLAO J Off Publ Contact Lens Assoc Ophthalmol Inc"},{"key":"6844_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-006-0441-0","volume":"245","author":"M Entezari","year":"2007","unstructured":"Entezari M, Rajavi Z, Sedighi N et al (2007) High-dose intravenous methylprednisolone in recent traumatic optic neuropathy; a randomized double-masked placebo-controlled clinical trial. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 245:1267\u20131271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-006-0441-0","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6844_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2015.04.023","volume":"134","author":"Z He","year":"2015","unstructured":"He Z, Li Q, Yuan J et al (2015) Evaluation of transcranial surgical decompression of the optic canal as a treatment option for traumatic optic neuropathy. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 134:130\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clineuro.2015.04.023","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"6844_CR85","unstructured":"Han JR, Park IW (2004) The clinical evaluation of ocular complications from electrical burn injury. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 45:281\u2013286"},{"key":"6844_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-4179(98)00082-5","volume":"24","author":"I Ferreiro","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ferreiro I, Mel\u00e9ndez J, Regalado J et al (1998) Factors influencing the sequelae of high tension electrical injuries. Burns 24:649\u2013653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0305-4179(98)00082-5","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"6844_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(96)80247-1","volume":"22","author":"M Blum","year":"1996","unstructured":"Blum M, Tetz MR, Greiner C, Voelcker HE (1996) Treatment of traumatic cataracts. J Cataract Refract Surg 22:342\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0886-3350(96)80247-1","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"6844_CR88","first-page":"20","volume":"5","author":"M Mangane","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mangane M (2016) Clinical study of traumatic cataract and its management. Med Innov 5:20\u201324","journal-title":"Med Innov"},{"key":"6844_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bober NK, Kumaran N, Williamson TH (2021) Outcomes following pars plana vitrectomy for severe ocular trauma. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 16(3):408\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/jovr.v16i3.9449","DOI":"10.18502\/jovr.v16i3.9449"},{"key":"6844_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000008932","volume":"34","author":"\u00d6 \u00d6zer","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u00d6zer \u00d6, Tuncer ML (2023) Blunt eye trauma: epidemiology, prognostic factors and visual outcome\u2014a 10-year retrospective study. J Craniofac Surg 34:e36\u2013e38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SCS.0000000000008932","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"}],"container-title":["Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-025-06844-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00417-025-06844-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-025-06844-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T09:01:18Z","timestamp":1762160478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00417-025-06844-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["6844"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-025-06844-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0721-832X","1435-702X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0721-832X","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-702X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 June 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers\u2019 bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge, or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure of potential conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study is a systematic review that does not involve direct research with human participants or animals.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research involving human participants and\/or animals"}},{"value":"This article does not involve directly human participants, and therefore informed consent was not required.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}