{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T06:22:21Z","timestamp":1764829341935,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-025-06913-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T08:27:55Z","timestamp":1753950475000},"page":"3227-3236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prospective observational study of three real-world amblyopia treatments in children: clinical outcomes and predictive factors"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"263","author":[{"given":"Ke","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Litao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"6913_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Janti SS, Alluri VM, Kolavai RR, Mali K, Eereti S, Kamble B (2024) Prevalence of amblyogenic risk factors among school children in India using the spot vision screener. Cureus 16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.66977","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.66977"},{"key":"6913_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kurniawati P, Indriaswati L (2023) Amblyopia: an overview. Int J Res Publications 140(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47119\/ijrp1001401120246005","DOI":"10.47119\/ijrp1001401120246005"},{"key":"6913_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang W, Shi X, Li XT (2025) Further raising prevention and treatment for amblyopia in China. 61(1):1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.cn112142-20241014-00451","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112142-20241014-00451"},{"issue":"1","key":"6913_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.33533\/jpm.v18i1.7582","volume":"18","author":"DE Yulia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yulia DE, Barliana JD, Sitorus RS, Putri MR, Soeharto DA (2024) Clinical characteristics of children with refrative amblyopia at Cipto Mangunkusumo National referral hospital. Jurnal Profesi Medika 18(1):21\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33533\/jpm.v18i1.7582","journal-title":"Jurnal Profesi Medika"},{"key":"6913_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4103\/ojo.ojo_295_22","volume":"17","author":"A Hamidi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hamidi A, Jalalifar S, Atigh SBQ, Darvishi A, Sharif NM, Lashkardoost H, Sangsefidi N, Shandiz H, J (2024) The prevalence of functional amblyopia and its related risk factors in preschool children in North-Eastern Iran. Oman J Ophthalmol 17:59\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ojo.ojo_295_22","journal-title":"Oman J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6913_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-100720-022550","volume":"8","author":"K Meier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meier K, Tarczy-Hornoch K (2022) Recent treatment advances in amblyopia. Annual Rev Vis Sci 8(1):323\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-vision-100720-022550","journal-title":"Annual Rev Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"6913_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1007\/S00417-019-04254-W","volume":"257","author":"E Papageorgiou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Papageorgiou E, Asproudis I, Maconachie G, Tsironi EE, Gottlob I (2019) The treatment of amblyopia: current practice and emerging trends. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 257(6):1061\u20131078. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00417-019-04254-W","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6913_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"(2022) Binocular versus standard occlusion or blurring treatment for unilateral amblyopia in children aged three to eight years. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd011347.pub3","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd011347.pub3"},{"key":"6913_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD011347","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd011347","volume":"2","author":"V Tailor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tailor V, Ludden SM, Bossi M, Bunce C, Greenwood JA, Dahlmann-Noor A (2022) Binocular versus standard occlusion or blurring treatment for unilateral amblyopia in children aged three to eight years. Cochrane Database Syst Reviews 2:CD011347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd011347","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Reviews"},{"key":"6913_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Varrassi G, Muzammil M, Kumar S, Rekatsina M, Moka E, Paladini A, Khatri M (2023) #36889\u2005Closing the gaps in postoperative pain management: challenges and future perspectives. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rapm-2023-esra.668","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2023-esra.668"},{"issue":"11","key":"6913_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.20320","volume":"38","author":"E Kocat\u00fcrk","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kocat\u00fcrk E, Maurer M (2024) Acute urticaria management: gaps, challenges and the need for further evidence. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 38(11):2047\u20132048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.20320","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"6913_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li J, Zhang Y, Zhou R (2024) Advances and limitations on the current treatment for schizophrenia and its future prospect. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.62051\/1hymfv52","DOI":"10.62051\/1hymfv52"},{"key":"6913_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rascol O, Payoux P, Ory F, Ferreira JJ, Brefel-Courbon C, Montastruc J-L (2003) Limitations of current parkinson\u2019s disease therapy. Discuss Ann Neurol 53","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10513"},{"issue":"3","key":"6913_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.11.003","volume":"130","author":"OA Cruz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cruz OA, Repka MX, Hercinovic A, Cotter SA, Lambert SR, Hutchinson AK, Sprunger DT, Morse CL, Wallace DK (2023) Amblyopia Preferred Pract Pattern Ophthalmol 130(3):P136\u2013P178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.11.003. American Academy of Ophthalmology Preferred Practice Pattern Pediatric Ophthalmology\/Strabismus Panel","journal-title":"Amblyopia Preferred Pract Pattern Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6913_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.5.603","volume":"121","author":"MX Repka","year":"2003","unstructured":"Repka MX, Beck RW, Holmes JM, Birch EE, Chandler DL, Cotter SA, Hertle RW, Kraker RT, Moke PS, Quinn GE, Scheiman MM, Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group (2003) A randomized trial of patching regimens for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago, Ill.: 1960) 121(5):603\u2013611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.121.5.603","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago, Ill.: 1960)"},{"issue":"9","key":"6913_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMAOPHTHALMOL.2021.2413","volume":"139","author":"S Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang S, Wen W, Zhu W, Liu Y, Zou L, Tian T, Lin J, Liu R, Liu H, Liu H (2021) Effect of combined Atropine and patching vs patching alone for treatment of severe amblyopia in children aged 3 to 12 years: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol 139(9):990\u2013996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/JAMAOPHTHALMOL.2021.2413","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6913_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JAAPOS.2008.03.006","volume":"12","author":"V Menon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Menon V, Shailesh G, Sharma P, Saxena R (2008) Clinical trial of patching versus Atropine penalization for the treatment of anisometropic amblyopia in older children. J Aapos 12(5):493\u2013497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JAAPOS.2008.03.006","journal-title":"J Aapos"},{"issue":"7","key":"6913_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMAOPHTHALMOL.2014.392","volume":"132","author":"MX Repka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Repka MX, Kraker RT, Holmes JM, Summers AI, Glaser SR, Barnhardt C, Tien R, D (2014) Atropine vs patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia: follow-up at 15 years of age of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol 132(7):799\u2013805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/JAMAOPHTHALMOL.2014.392","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"6913_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1001\/ARCHOPHT.126.8.1039","volume":"126","author":"MX Repka","year":"2008","unstructured":"Repka MX, Kraker RT, Beck RW, Holmes JM, Cotter SA, Birch EE, Astle WF, Chandler DL, Felius J, Arnold RW, Tien DR, Glaser SR (2008) A randomized trial of Atropine vs patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia: follow-up at age 10 years. Arch Ophthalmol 126(8):1039\u20131044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/ARCHOPHT.126.8.1039","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"6913_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1001\/ARCHOPHT.121.11.1625","volume":"121","author":"JM Holmes","year":"2003","unstructured":"Holmes JM, Beck RW, Kraker RT, Cole SR, Repka MX, Birch EE, Felius J, Christiansen SP, Coats DK, Kulp MT (2003) Impact of patching and Atropine treatment on the child and family in the amblyopia treatment study. Arch Ophthalmol 121(11):1625\u20131632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/ARCHOPHT.121.11.1625","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6913_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JOCO.2016.07.005","volume":"28","author":"Z Rajavi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rajavi Z, Sabbaghi H, Sharifi A, Behradfar E, N., Yaseri M (2016) The role of interactive binocular treatment system in amblyopia therapy. J Curr Ophthalmol 28(4):217\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JOCO.2016.07.005","journal-title":"J Curr Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6913_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1515\/IJDHD.2006.5.2.155","volume":"5","author":"P\u0395 Waddingham","year":"2006","unstructured":"Waddingham P\u0395, Cobb S, Eastgate R, Gregson R (2006) Virtual reality for interactive binocular treatment of amblyopia. Int J Disabil Hum Dev 5(2):155\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/IJDHD.2006.5.2.155","journal-title":"Int J Disabil Hum Dev"},{"key":"6913_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721231187426","author":"B Thompson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thompson B, Morrone MC, Bex PJ, Lozama A, Sabel BA (2023) Harnessing brain plasticity to improve binocular vision in amblyopia: an evidence-based update. Eur J Ophthalmol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11206721231187426","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6913_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2024.04.006","author":"EE Birch","year":"2024","unstructured":"Birch EE, Duffy KR (2024) Leveraging neural plasticity for the treatment of amblyopia. Surv Ophthalmol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2024.04.006","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6913_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1167\/IOVS.11-8219","volume":"53","author":"PJ Knox","year":"2012","unstructured":"Knox PJ, Simmers AJ, Gray LS, Cleary M (2012) An exploratory study: prolonged periods of binocular stimulation can provide an effective treatment for childhood amblyopia. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 53(2):817\u2013824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/IOVS.11-8219","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"6913_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-2010-0550","volume":"28","author":"RF Hess","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hess RF, Mansouri B, Thompson B (2010) A new binocular approach to the treatment of amblyopia in adults well beyond the critical period of visual development. Restor Neurol Neurosci 28(6):793\u2013802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/RNN-2010-0550","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"6913_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Gonz\u00e1lez S, Portela-Camino JA, Ruiz-Alcocer J, Illarramendi-Mendicute I, Garrido-Mercado R (2020) Stereoacuity improvement using random-dot video games. J Visualized Exp 155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/60236","DOI":"10.3791\/60236"},{"issue":"2","key":"6913_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/vision7020042","volume":"7","author":"A Molina-Mart\u00edn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Molina-Mart\u00edn A, Leal-Vega L, de Fez D, Mart\u00ednez-Plaza E, Coco-Mart\u00edn MB, Pi\u00f1ero DP (2023) Amblyopia treatment through immersive virtual reality: A preliminary experience in anisometropic children. Vision 7(2):42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vision7020042","journal-title":"Vision"},{"key":"6913_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lu C, Marcin JP, Staab V (2024) Atropine as an adjunct in the management of pediatric patients with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: a single institution experience and review of the literature. Cureus. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.65363","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.65363"},{"key":"6913_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yeritsyan A, Surve AV, Ayinde B, Chokshi P, Adhikari S, Jaimalani A, Hamid P (2024) Efficacy of amblyopia treatments in children up to seven years old: a systematic review. Cureus. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.56705","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.56705"},{"issue":"1","key":"6913_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JAAPOS.2012.10.018","volume":"17","author":"RF Hess","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hess RF, Thompson B (2013) New insights into amblyopia: binocular therapy and noninvasive brain stimulation. J Aapos 17(1):89\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JAAPOS.2012.10.018","journal-title":"J Aapos"},{"key":"6913_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cormack LK, Czuba TB, Kn\u00f6ll J, Huk AC (2017) Binocular mechanisms of 3D motion processing. 3(1):297\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/ANNUREV-VISION-102016-061259","DOI":"10.1146\/ANNUREV-VISION-102016-061259"},{"key":"6913_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Uttamapinan S, Pukrushpan P, Honglertnapakul W (2024) Effectiveness of the smartphone application in increasing compliance with occlusion therapy in children with amblyopia: a randomized controlled trial. Strabismus 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09273972.2024.2335889","DOI":"10.1080\/09273972.2024.2335889"},{"issue":"1","key":"6913_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000834","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2021-000834","volume":"9","author":"S Shivani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shivani S, Saini SK, Duggal M, Raj S, Kaur S (2024) Nurse-led counselling programme on the adherence to eye patch application among children with amblyopia: a randomised control trial. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 9(1):e000834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjophth-2021-000834","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6913_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.2147\/opth.s415892","volume":"17","author":"The Feasibility of an Educational Cartoon Video for Improving Adherence with Amblyopia Treatment in Children","year":"2023","unstructured":"The Feasibility of an Educational Cartoon Video for Improving Adherence with Amblyopia Treatment in Children (2023) Clin Ophthalmol Volume 17:1639\u20131646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/opth.s415892","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol Volume"},{"key":"6913_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moseley MJ, Stewart CE, Bradley LC, Fielder AR, Wallace MP (2023) Personalised versus standardised dosing of occlusion therapy for amblyopia: a randomised controlled trial. JFO Open Ophthalmol 100060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfop.2023.100060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfop.2023.100060"},{"key":"6913_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_212_23","author":"SH Alrasheed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alrasheed SH, Aldakhil S (2024) Childhood amblyopia: A systematic review of recent management options. Saudi J Ophthalmol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_212_23","journal-title":"Saudi J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"6913_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.4262","volume":"134","author":"JM Holmes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holmes JM, Manh VM, Lazar EL, Beck RW, Birch EE, Kraker RT, Crouch ER, Erzurum SA, Khuddus N, Summers AI, Wallace DK, Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group (2016) Effect of a binocular iPad game vs Part-time patching in children aged 5 to 12 years with amblyopia: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol 134(12):1391\u20131400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.4262","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-025-06913-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00417-025-06913-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-025-06913-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T03:50:56Z","timestamp":1764820256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00417-025-06913-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["6913"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-025-06913-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0721-832X","1435-702X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0721-832X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1435-702X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Jinan Second People\u2019s Hospital.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}