{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T22:39:51Z","timestamp":1793572791356,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002839","name":"Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002839","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify changes in choroidal morphology crucial for CSCR this study assessed the relationship between pachychoroidal changes and the occurrence of CSCR. Additionally, given the undefined role of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in CSCR diagnosis, this study evaluated OCTA as an alternative to indocyanine green angiography (ICGA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multimodal imaging of 99 patients affected by unilateral or bilateral CSCR was retrospectively assessed to identify pachychoroidal changes. Through logistic regression the relationship between these choroidal changes and CSCR occurrence was examined. Evaluation of ICGA and OCTA images was conducted separately, followed by a comparative analysis of the obtained results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Presence of intervortex venous anastomoses significantly increased the likelihood of CSCR affection (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0004, odds ratio 4.829), whereas presence of pachyvessels did not (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.7947). Comparative evaluation of pachychoroidal changes between OCTA and ICGA images resulted in 95.16% of cases in coinciding results. OCTA images exhibited less impairment in quality due to subretinal fluid than ICGA images.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intervortex venous anastomoses were significantly associated with the presence of subretinal fluid and serous pigment epithelium detachment; however, longitudinal studies are required to establish a causal relationship. OCTA has emerged as a non-invasive alternative to ICGA to assess pachychoroidal changes in patients with CSCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-025-06918-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T10:08:59Z","timestamp":1754474939000},"page":"3065-3072","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Changes in choroidal vessel morphology associated with fluid leakage in central serous chorioretinopathy; a comparison of OCTA and ICGA"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"263","author":[{"given":"Payam","family":"Kabiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"K\u00fcnzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirin","family":"Ashraf-Vaghefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Bonaventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"R\u00fcbsam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Joussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Zeitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"6918_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-023-00349-y","volume":"11","author":"X Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang X, Lim CZF, Chhablani J, Wong YM (2023) Central serous chorioretinopathy: updates in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. Eye Vis (Lond) 11(10):33","journal-title":"Eye Vis (Lond)"},{"key":"6918_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0158-4","volume":"33","author":"CMG Cheung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cheung CMG, Lee WK, Koizumi H et al (2019) Pachychoroid disease. Eye (Lond) 33:14\u201333","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"6918_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2021.1942073","volume":"46","author":"R Hua","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hua R, Duan J, Zhang M (2021) Pachychoroid spectrum disease: underlying pathology classification, and phenotypes. Curr Eye Res 46:1437\u20131448","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"6918_CR4","first-page":"163","volume":"79","author":"A Stepanov","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stepanov A (2023) Current view of the spectrum of pachychoroid diseases. Rev Cesk Slov Oftalmol 79:163\u2013166","journal-title":"Rev Cesk Slov Oftalmol"},{"key":"6918_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04940-0","volume":"259","author":"V Castro-Navarro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Castro-Navarro V, Behar-Cohen F, Chang W et al (2021) Pachychoroid: current concepts on clinical features and pathogenesis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 259:1385\u20131400","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6918_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100865","volume":"79","author":"R Kaye","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaye R, Chandra S, Sheth J et al (2020) Central serous chorioretinopathy: an update on risk factors, pathophysiology and imaging modalities. Prog Retin Eye Res 79:100865","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"6918_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05687-6","volume":"260","author":"S Kishi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kishi S, Matsumoto H (2022) A new insight into pachychoroid diseases: remodeling of choroidal vasculature. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 260:3405\u20133417","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6918_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000742","volume":"36","author":"KK Dansingani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dansingani KK, Balaratnasingam C, Naysan J, Freund KB (2016) En face imaging of pachychoroid spectrum disorders with swept-source optical coherence tomography. Retina 36:499\u2013516","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"6918_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2021.100973","volume":"86","author":"RF Spaide","year":"2022","unstructured":"Spaide RF, Cheung CMG, Matsumoto H et al (2022) Venous overload choroidopathy: a hypothetical framework for central serous chorioretinopathy and allied disorders. Prog Retin Eye Res 86:100973","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"6918_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2023.10.007","volume":"8","author":"LJB Pauleikhoff","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pauleikhoff LJB, Diederen RMH, Chang-Wolf JM et al (2024) Choroidal vascular changes on ultrawidefield indocyanine green angiography in central serous chorioretinopathy: CERTAIN study report 1. Ophthalmol Retina 8:254\u2013263","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"9","key":"6918_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51268-9","volume":"11","author":"H Matsumoto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Matsumoto H, Kishi S, Mukai R, Akiyama H (2019) Remodeling of macular vortex veins in pachychoroid neovasculopathy. Sci Rep 11(9):14689","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6918_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.03.024","volume":"4","author":"H Matsumoto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Matsumoto H, Hoshino J, Mukai R et al (2020) Vortex vein anastomosis at the watershed in pachychoroid spectrum diseases. Ophthalmol Retina 4:938\u2013945","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"6918_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-199616060-00005","volume":"16","author":"N Sutoh","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sutoh N, Muraoka K, Takahashi K et al (1996) Remodelling of choroidal circulation in carotid cavernous sinus fistula. Retina 16:497\u2013504","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"6918_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003004","volume":"41","author":"RF Spaide","year":"2021","unstructured":"Spaide RF, Ledesma-Gil G, Gemmy Cheung CM (2021) Intervortex venous anastomosis in pachychoroid-related disorders. Retina 41:997\u20131004","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"6918_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1159\/000360014","volume":"232","author":"R Liegl","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liegl R, Ulbig MW (2014) Central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmologica 232:65\u201376","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"6918_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.1.17","volume":"63","author":"T Bacci","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bacci T, Oh DJ, Singer M et al (2022) Ultra-widefield indocyanine green angiography reveals patterns of choroidal venous insufficiency influencing pachychoroid disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 63:17","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"6918_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.14201","volume":"51","author":"AT Fung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fung AT, Yang Y, Kam AW (2023) Central serous chorioretinopathy: a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 51:243\u2013270","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6918_CR18","first-page":"13","volume":"69","author":"AE Maumenee","year":"1965","unstructured":"Maumenee AE (1965) Macular diseases: clinical manifestations. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 69:13\u2013605","journal-title":"Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol"},{"key":"6918_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3109\/08820539209065105","volume":"7","author":"DR Guyer","year":"1992","unstructured":"Guyer DR, Duker JS, Puliafito CA (1992) Indocyanine green angiography and dye-enhanced diode laser photocoagulation. Semin Ophthalmol 7:172\u2013176","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6918_CR20","unstructured":"Deutsche ophthalmologische Gesellschaft (DOG) (2021) Stellungnahme des Berufsverbandes der Augen\u00e4rzte Deutschlands, der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft und der Retinologischen Gesellschaft, Chorioretinopathia centralis serosa (CCS)\u00a0"},{"issue":"6","key":"6918_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001678","volume":"38","author":"MC Savastano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Savastano MC, Dansingani KK, Rispoli M, Virgili G, Savastano A, Freund KB, Lumbroso B (2018) Classification of Haller vessel arrangements in acute and chronic central serous chorioretinopathy imaged with en face optical coherence tomography. Retina 38(6):1211\u20131215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001678","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"5","key":"6918_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003715","volume":"43","author":"PK Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee PK, Ra H, Han SY, Baek J (2023) Quantitative analysis of choroidal morphology using multimodel imaging in acute and persistent central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina 43(5):832\u2013840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003715","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"6918_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-023-00687-z","volume":"12","author":"M Gaw\u0119cki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gaw\u0119cki M, Grzybowski A, \u015awi\u0119ch A (2023) Biometric risk factors for central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmol Ther 12:1327\u20131338","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"6918_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13183","volume":"13","author":"JH Oh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Oh JH, Oh J, Togloom A et al (2014) Biometric characteristics of eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 13:55:1502\u20131508","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"6918_CR25","first-page":"553","volume":"95","author":"UR Desai","year":"2003","unstructured":"Desai UR, Alhalel AA, Campen TJ et al (2003) Central serous chorioretinopathy in African Americans. J Natl Med Assoc 95:553\u2013559","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"6918_CR26","first-page":"251584142095084","volume":"24","author":"G Nkrumah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nkrumah G, Paez-Escamilla M, Singh SR et al (2020) Biomarkers for central serous chorioretinopathy. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 24:2515841420950846","journal-title":"Ther Adv Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-025-06918-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00417-025-06918-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-025-06918-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T03:50:32Z","timestamp":1764820232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00417-025-06918-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["6918"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-025-06918-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0721-832X","1435-702X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0721-832X","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-702X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 June 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The conducted research did not involve Human Participants and\/or Animals. This research study was conducted retrospectively from data obtained for clinical purposes.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and animal rights"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. The authors have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}