{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:41:59Z","timestamp":1789684919023,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-025-06998-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T10:40:12Z","timestamp":1762857612000},"page":"569-577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A deep-learning model for detecting choroidal metastases and predicting primary tumors from ultra-widefield fundus imaging"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"264","author":[{"given":"Hyo Jin","family":"Seong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Choonghan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinho","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiho","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5054-9470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher Seungkyu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"6998_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.22608\/APO.201712","volume":"6","author":"L Konstantinidis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Konstantinidis L, Damato B (2017) Intraocular metastases\u2014a review. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 6(2):208\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22608\/APO.201712","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila)"},{"issue":"6","key":"6998_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1971.00990050675005","volume":"85","author":"RS Bloch","year":"1971","unstructured":"Bloch RS, Gartner S (1971) The incidence of ocular metastatic carcinoma. Arch Ophthalmol 85(6):673\u2013675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.1971.00990050675005","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"6998_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(97)30148-1","volume":"104","author":"CL Shields","year":"1997","unstructured":"Shields CL, Shields JA, Gross NE, Schwartz GP, Lally SE (1997) Survey of 520 eyes with uveal metastases. Ophthalmology 104(8):1265\u20131276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0161-6420(97)30148-1","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"6998_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Progress Retin (2019) Eye Res 68:144\u2013171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.09.003"},{"key":"6998_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moore KM, Yeh B, Ferrucci S (2020) Background, treatment and management in a patient with bilateral choroidal metastases. CRO J 31(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57204\/001c.36925","DOI":"10.57204\/001c.36925"},{"key":"6998_CR6","unstructured":"Shields JA, Shields CL (2015) Metastatic tumors to the uvea, retina and optic disc. In: Shields JA, Shields CL (eds) Intraocular tumors: an atlas and textbook. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia"},{"key":"6998_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2005.14165","volume":"33","author":"TB Brown","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brown TB, Mann B, Ryder N, Subbiah M, Kaplan J, Dhariwal P et al (2020) Language models are few-shot learners. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 33:1877\u20131901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2005.14165","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"6998_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2012.12877","author":"H Touvron","year":"2021","unstructured":"Touvron H, Cord M, Douze M, Massa F, Sablayrolles A, J\u00e9gou H (2021) Training data-efficient image Transformers & distillation through attention. Int Conf Mach Learn. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2012.12877","journal-title":"Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"6998_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Caron M, Touvron H, Misra I, J\u00e9gou H, Mairal J, Bojanowski P et al (2021) Emerging properties in self-supervised vision transformers. In: Proc IEEE\/CVF Int Conf Comput Vis. :9650\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2104.14294","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2104.14294"},{"key":"6998_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kingma DP, Ba J, Adam (2014) A method for stochastic optimization. ArXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ArXiv.1412.6980","DOI":"10.48550\/ArXiv.1412.6980"},{"key":"6998_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhu D, Wu X, Yang T (2022) Benchmarking deep AUROC optimization: loss functions and algorithmic choices. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2203.14177. arXiv","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2203.14177"},{"key":"6998_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1201.0490","volume":"12","author":"F Pedregosa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pedregosa F, Varoquaux G, Gramfort A, Michel V, Thirion B, Grisel O et al (2011) Scikit-learn: machine learning in python. J Mach Learn Res 12:2825\u20132830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1201.0490","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"6998_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2007.55","volume":"9","author":"JD Hunter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hunter JD, Matplotlib (2007) A 2D graphics environment. Comput Sci Eng 9(3):90\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCSE.2007.55","journal-title":"Comput Sci Eng"},{"key":"6998_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xie W, Li XH, Cao CC, Zhang NL (2022) ViT-CX: causal explanation of vision Transformers. ArXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ArXiv.2211.03064","DOI":"10.48550\/ArXiv.2211.03064"},{"key":"6998_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Selvaraju RR, Cogswell M, Das A, Vedantam R, Parikh D, Batra D (2017) Grad-CAM: visual explanations from deep networks via gradient-based localization. Proc IEEE Int Conf Comput Vis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1610.02391","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1610.02391"},{"key":"6998_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chattopadhay A, Sarkar A, Howlader P, Balasubramanian VN (2018) Grad-CAM++: Generalized gradient-based visual explanations for deep convolutional networks. In: IEEE Winter Conf Appl Comput Vis (WACV). 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WACV.2018.00097","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2018.00097"},{"key":"6998_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Smilkov D, Thorat N, Kim B, Vi\u00e9gas F, Wattenberg M (2017) SmoothGrad: removing noise by adding noise. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1706.03825. arXiv","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1706.03825"},{"issue":"5","key":"6998_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0226461","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226461","volume":"15","author":"C Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng C, Xu R (2020) Predicting cancer origins with a DNA methylation-based deep neural network model. PLoS ONE 15(5):e0226461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0226461","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"6998_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-017-1191-5","volume":"18","author":"S Kang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kang S, Li Q, Chen Q, Zhou Y, Park S, Lee G et al (2017) CancerLocator: non-invasive cancer diagnosis and tissue-of-origin prediction using methylation profiles of cell-free DNA. Genome Biol 18(1):53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13059-017-1191-5","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"6998_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104426","volume":"87","author":"L Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu L, Shi H, Wei H, Lin Y, Li L, Wang S et al (2023) An accurate prediction of the origin for bone metastatic cancer using deep learning on digital pathological images. EBioMedicine 87:104426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104426","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"7861","key":"6998_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03512-4","volume":"594","author":"MY Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu MY, Chen TY, Williamson DFK, Zhao M, Shady M, Lipkova J et al (2021) AI-based pathology predicts origins for cancers of unknown primary. Nature 594(7861):106\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-03512-4","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"6998_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491278","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1491278","volume":"12","author":"X Lin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lin X, Zhong Y, Li H, Yang Y, Liu A, Shi Y et al (2025) Choroidal metastases from thoracic cancer: a retrospective study on clinical characteristics and treatment efficacy. Front Med (Lausanne) 12:1491278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1491278","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"6998_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.09.003","volume":"68","author":"T Mathis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mathis T, Jardel P, Loria O, Delaunay B, Nguyen AM, Lanza F et al (2019) New concepts in the diagnosis and management of choroidal metastases. Prog Retin Eye Res 68:144\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.09.003","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"6998_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.09.013","volume":"112","author":"EK Tsina","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tsina EK, Lane AM, Zacks DN, Munzenrider JE, Collier JM, Gragoudas ES (2005) Treatment of metastatic tumors of the choroid with proton beam irradiation. Ophthalmology 112(2):337\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.09.013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"7","key":"6998_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2014.96","volume":"28","author":"V Fenicia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fenicia V, Abdolrahimzadeh S, Mannino G, Verrilli S, Balestrieri M, Recupero SM (2014) Intravitreal bevacizumab in the successful management of choroidal metastases secondary to lung and breast cancer unresponsive to systemic therapy: a case series. Eye (Lond) 28(7):888\u2013891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.2014.96","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"}],"container-title":["Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-025-06998-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00417-025-06998-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-025-06998-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T07:43:22Z","timestamp":1771573402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00417-025-06998-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["6998"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-025-06998-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0721-832X","1435-702X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0721-832X","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-702X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 October 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Severance Hospital approved this retrospective, single-center study (IRB 4-2023-0438).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"No conflicting relationship exists with any author.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}