{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T12:17:13Z","timestamp":1789820233726,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Medical Research Council Open Fund Large Collaborative Grant","award":["OFLCG23 may-0032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFLCG23 may-0032"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-025-07086-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T18:01:55Z","timestamp":1766253715000},"page":"743-751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cuticular drusen in Asian neovascular age-related macular degeneration: Clinical features and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy association"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"264","author":[{"given":"Chenxi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noa","family":"Gilead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zehua","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beau J.","family":"Fenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna CS","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiok Hong","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelvin Yi Chong","family":"Teo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3358-3516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chui Ming Gemmy","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"7086_CR1","volume-title":"Stereoscopic atlas of macular diseases. Diagnosis and treatment","author":"J Gass","year":"1977","unstructured":"Gass J (1977) Stereoscopic atlas of macular diseases. Diagnosis and treatment, 2nd edn. C.V. Mosby, St.Louis","edition":"2"},{"key":"7086_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.08.033","volume":"125","author":"C Balaratnasingam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Balaratnasingam C, Cherepanoff S, Dolz-Marco R et al (2018) Cuticular drusen:clinical phenotypes and natural history defined using multimodal imaging. Ophthalmology 125:100\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.08.033","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"7086_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002399","volume":"40","author":"Y Sakurada","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sakurada Y, Parikh R, Gal-Or O et al (2020) CUTICULAR DRUSEN: Risk of Geographic Atrophy and Macular Neovascularization. Retina 40:257\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002399","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"7086_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2013.08.003","volume":"37","author":"CJF Boon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boon CJF, van de Ven JPH, Hoyng CB et al (2013) Cuticular drusen: stars in the Sky. Prog Retin Eye Res 37:90\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2013.08.003","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"7086_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00345-1","volume":"129","author":"SR Russell","year":"2000","unstructured":"Russell SR, Mullins RF, Schneider BL, Hageman GS (2000) Location, substructure, and composition of basal laminar drusen compared with drusen associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 129:205\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00345-1","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7086_CR6","volume-title":"Stereoscopic atlas of macular diseases: diagnosis and treatment","author":"J Gass","year":"1977","unstructured":"Gass J (1977) Stereoscopic atlas of macular diseases: diagnosis and treatment, 5th edn. MO: Mosby, St. Louis","edition":"5"},{"key":"7086_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.78.6.437","volume":"78","author":"SY Cohen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cohen SY, Meunier I, Soubrane G et al (1994) Visual function and course of basal laminar drusen combined with vitelliform macular detachment. Br J Ophthalmol 78:437\u2013440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.78.6.437","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7086_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.01.028","volume":"129","author":"KL Goh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goh KL, Chen FK, Balaratnasingam C et al (2022) Cuticular Drusen in Age-Related Macular Degeneration:Association with Progression and Impact on Visual Sensitivity. Ophthalmology 129:653\u2013660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.01.028","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"7086_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11469","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68493-2","volume":"10","author":"DH Shin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shin DH, Kong M, Han G et al (2020) Clinical manifestations of cuticular drusen in Korean patients. Sci Rep 10:11469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-68493-2","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7086_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-019-00692-5","volume":"63","author":"Y Sakurada","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sakurada Y, Tanaka K, Miki A et al (2019) Clinical characteristics of cuticular drusen in the Japanese population. Jpn J Ophthalmol 63:448\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10384-019-00692-5","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7086_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.11.019","volume":"125","author":"CMG Cheung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cheung CMG, Lai TYY, Ruamviboonsuk P et al (2018) Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: Definition, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and management. Ophthalmology 125:708\u2013724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.11.019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"7086_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-018-0148-5","volume":"4","author":"S Fragiotta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fragiotta S, Kaden TR, Freund KB (2018) Cuticular drusen associated with aneurysmal type 1 neovascularization (polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy). Int J Retina Vitreous 4:44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40942-018-0148-5","journal-title":"Int J Retina Vitreous"},{"key":"7086_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2012.02765.x","volume":"40","author":"CMG Cheung","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cheung CMG, Bhargava M, Laude A et al (2012) Asian age-related macular degeneration phenotyping study: rationale, design and protocol of a prospective cohort study. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 40:727\u2013735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2012.02765.x","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7086_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181ee5ce8","volume":"30","author":"RF Spaide","year":"2010","unstructured":"Spaide RF, Curcio CA (2010) Drusen characterization with multimodal imaging. Retina Phila Pa 30:1441\u20131454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181ee5ce8","journal-title":"Retina Phila Pa"},{"key":"7086_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181ae7113","volume":"29","author":"T Leng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leng T, Rosenfeld PJ, Gregori G et al (2009) Spectral domain optical coherence tomography characteristics of cuticular drusen. Retina 29:988\u2013993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181ae7113","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"7086_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0279279","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279279","volume":"17","author":"M Belmouhand","year":"2022","unstructured":"Belmouhand M, Rothenbuehler SP, Dabbah S et al (2022) Small hard drusen and associated factors in early seniority. PLoS One 17:e0279279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0279279","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"7086_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.12.030","volume":"118","author":"K Yang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang K, Liang YB, Gao LQ et al (2011) Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in a rural Chinese population: the Handan eye study. Ophthalmology 118:1395\u20131401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.12.030","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"7086_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.10.1153","volume":"85","author":"Y Oshima","year":"2001","unstructured":"Oshima Y (2001) Prevalence of age related maculopathy in a representative Japanese population: the Hisayama study. Br J Ophthalmol 85:1153\u20131157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.85.10.1153","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7086_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1995.01100030055022","volume":"113","author":"NM Bressler","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bressler NM (1995) Five-year incidence and disappearance of Drusen and retinal pigment epithelial abnormalities: waterman study. Arch Ophthalmol 113:301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.1995.01100030055022","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7086_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2016.04.002","volume":"53","author":"CW Wong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wong CW, Yanagi Y, Lee W-K et al (2016) Age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Asians. Prog Retin Eye Res 53:107\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2016.04.002","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"7086_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000831","volume":"36","author":"S Mrejen-Uretsky","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mrejen-Uretsky S, Ayrault S, Nghiem-Buffet S et al (2016) CHOROIDAL THICKENING IN PATIENTS WITH CUTICULAR DRUSEN COMBINED WITH VITELLIFORM MACULAR DETACHMENT. Retina 36:1111\u20131118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000831","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"7086_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0158-4","volume":"33","author":"CMG Cheung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cheung CMG, Lee WK, Koizumi H et al (2019) Pachychoroid disease. Eye 33:14\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-018-0158-4","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"7086_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.05.012","volume":"122","author":"L Ma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ma L, Li Z, Liu K et al (2015) Association of genetic variants with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: a systematic review and updated meta-analysis. Ophthalmology 122:1854\u20131865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.05.012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"7086_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2012.265","author":"JPH Van De Ven","year":"2012","unstructured":"Van De Ven JPH, Boon CJF, Fauser S et al (2012) Clinical evaluation of 3 families with basal laminar drusen caused by novel mutations in the complement factor H gene. Arch Ophthalmol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archophthalmol.2012.265","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7086_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.125.1.93","volume":"125","author":"MA Grassi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Grassi MA (2007) Complement factor H polymorphism p.Tyr402His and cuticular Drusen. Arch Ophthalmol 125:93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.125.1.93","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7086_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3877","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S272345","volume":"15","author":"S Fragiotta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fragiotta S, Fern\u00e1ndez-Avellaneda P, Breazzano MP, Scuderi G (2021) Clinical manifestations of cuticular drusen: current perspectives. Clin Ophthalmol 15:3877\u20133887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OPTH.S272345","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7086_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09608-9","volume":"12","author":"JM Yoon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yoon JM, Shin DH, Kong M, Ham D-I (2022) Age-related macular degeneration eyes presenting with cuticular drusen and reticular pseudodrusen. Sci Rep 12:5681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-09608-9","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7086_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2018.03.009","volume":"2","author":"Y Sakurada","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sakurada Y, Parikh R, Yannuzzi LA (2018) Cuticular drusen presenting with subretinal drusenoid deposits (Pseudodrusen). Ophthalmol Retina 2:815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oret.2018.03.009","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"7086_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10102370","volume":"10","author":"DR Muth","year":"2022","unstructured":"Muth DR, Toro MD, Bajka A et al (2022) Correlation between macular neovascularization (MNV) type and druse type in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) based on the CONAN classification. Biomedicines 10:2370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines10102370","journal-title":"Biomedicines"}],"container-title":["Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-025-07086-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00417-025-07086-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-025-07086-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T10:13:12Z","timestamp":1772791992000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00417-025-07086-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["7086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-025-07086-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0721-832X","1435-702X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0721-832X","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-702X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 December 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 December 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the SingHealth Centralized Institutional Review Board (protocol R697\/47\/2009) and followed the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Patients signed informed consent regarding publishing their data and photographs.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers\u2019 bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}