{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T07:13:13Z","timestamp":1778915593231,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778889600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-026-07286-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T07:00:01Z","timestamp":1778914801000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Do steroids improve outcomes of idiopathic sixth nerve palsy in children?"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Amir","family":"Sternfeld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Goren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Ehrenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yair","family":"Pesoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uri","family":"Elbaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gad","family":"Dotan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"7286_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e254","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001390","volume":"42","author":"MY Chang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chang MY, Borchert MS (2022) Etiology and outcomes of acquired pediatric sixth nerve palsies. J Neuroophthalmol 42:e254\u2013e259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001390","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"7286_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19950501-06","volume":"32","author":"M Aroichane","year":"1995","unstructured":"Aroichane M, Repka MX (1995) Outcome of sixth nerve palsy or paresis in young children. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 32:152\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/0191-3913-19950501-06","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"7286_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(98)00090-3","volume":"20","author":"MS Lee","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lee MS, Galetta SL, Volpe NJ, Liu GT (1999) Sixth nerve palsies in children. Pediatr Neurol 20:49\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0887-8994(98)00090\u22123","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"7286_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-012-1929-z","volume":"29","author":"G Dotan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dotan G, Rosenfeld E, Stolovitch C, Kesler A (2013) The role of neuroimaging in the evaluation process of children with isolated sixth nerve palsy. Childs Nerv Syst 29:89\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-012-1929-z","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"7286_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.142794","volume":"94","author":"NR Mahoney","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mahoney NR, Liu GT (2009) Benign recurrent sixth (abducens) nerve palsies in children. Arch Dis Child 94:394\u2013396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.2008.142794","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"7286_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2009.22","volume":"24","author":"V Sturm","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sturm V, Schoffler C (2010) Long-term follow-up of children with benign abducens nerve palsy. Eye (Lond) 24:74\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.2009.22","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"7286_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1741385","volume":"53","author":"SDK Kingma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kingma SDK, Ceulemans B (2022) Recurrent isolated sixth nerve palsy in childhood-review on a rare phenomenon. Neuropediatrics 53:151\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0041-1741385","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"7286_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children9020273","author":"D Wohrer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wohrer D, Moulding T, Titomanlio L, Lenglart L (2022) Acute facial nerve palsy in children: gold standard management. Children (Basel). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children9020273","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"7286_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2241","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201164","volume":"99","author":"FE Babl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Babl FE, Herd D, Borland ML, Kochar A, Lawton B, Hort J, West A, George S, Zhang M, Velusamy K, Sullivan F, Oakley E, Davidson A, Hopper SM, Cheek JA, Berkowitz RG, Hearps S, Wilson CL, Williams A, Elborough H, Legge D, Mackay MT, Lee KJ, Dalziel SR, Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International C (2022) Efficacy of prednisolone for Bell Palsy in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Neurology 99:e2241\u2013e2252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201164","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"7286_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2024.01.011","volume":"153","author":"FE Babl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Babl FE, Herd D, Borland ML, Kochar A, Lawton B, Hort J, West A, George S, Oakley E, Wilson CL, Hopper SM, Cheek JA, Hearps S, Mackay MT, Dalziel SR, Lee KJ (2024) Facial function in Bell Palsy in a cohort of children randomized to prednisolone or placebo 12 months after diagnosis. Pediatr Neurol 153:44\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2024.01.011","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"7286_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0940557","volume":"94","author":"PJ Barnes","year":"1998","unstructured":"Barnes PJ (1998) Anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids: molecular mechanisms. Clin Sci (Lond) 94:557\u2013572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/cs0940557","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"7286_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1983.01040010607016","volume":"101","author":"DB Werner","year":"1983","unstructured":"Werner DB, Savino PJ, Schatz NJ (1983) Benign recurrent sixth nerve palsies in childhood. Secondary to immunization or viral illness. Arch Ophthalmol 101:607\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.1983.01040010607016","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7286_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0175","volume":"46","author":"SL Fawcett","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fawcett SL, Wang YZ, Birch EE (2005) The critical period for susceptibility of human stereopsis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46:521\u2013525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.04-0175","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"7286_CR14","first-page":"948","volume":"41","author":"T Kumagami","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kumagami T, Zhang B, Smith EL 3rd, Chino YM (2000) Effect of onset age of strabismus on the binocular responses of neurons in the monkey visual cortex. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:948\u2013954","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"7286_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.5.680","volume":"124","author":"BJ Kushner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kushner BJ (2006) Multiple mechanisms of extraocular muscle overaction. Arch Ophthalmol 124:680\u2013688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.124.5.680","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7286_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21327","volume":"40","author":"KA Baltgalvis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baltgalvis KA, Call JA, Nikas JB, Lowe DA (2009) Effects of prednisolone on skeletal muscle contractility in mdx mice. Muscle Nerve 40:443\u2013454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.21327","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"7286_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.22336\/rjo.2025.05","volume":"69","author":"CI Merticariu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Merticariu CI, Merticariu M, Dragomir MS (2025) Botulinum toxin injection in acute sixth nerve palsy in a 1-year-old child: Case report, management strategy, and review of literature. Rom J Ophthalmol 69:22\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22336\/rjo.2025.05","journal-title":"Rom J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7286_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2007.11.006","volume":"12","author":"MS Sanjari","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sanjari MS, Falavarjani KG, Kashkouli MB, Aghai GH, Nojomi M, Rostami H (2008) Botulinum toxin injection with and without electromyographic assistance for treatment of abducens nerve palsy: a pilot study. J AAPOS 12:259\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaapos.2007.11.006","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"7286_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2010.09.009","volume":"14","author":"P Merino","year":"2010","unstructured":"Merino P, Gomez de Liano P, Villalobo JM, Franco G, Gomez de Liano R (2010) Etiology and treatment of pediatric sixth nerve palsy. J AAPOS 14:502\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaapos.2010.09.009","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"7286_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2007.02.013","volume":"11","author":"SJ Yousuf","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yousuf SJ, Khan AO (2007) Presenting features suggestive for later recurrence of idiopathic sixth nerve paresis in children. J AAPOS 11:452\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaapos.2007.02.013","journal-title":"J AAPOS"}],"container-title":["Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-026-07286-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00417-026-07286-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-026-07286-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T07:00:02Z","timestamp":1778914802000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00417-026-07286-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"references-count":20,"alternative-id":["7286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-026-07286-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0721-832X","1435-702X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0721-832X","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-702X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 March 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 May 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the local institutional review board (IRB 0585\u2009\u2212\u200922) and conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Ethics approval"}},{"value":"No funding or grant support. All authors have no financial disclosures.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Financial disclosure"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}}]}}