{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:50:25Z","timestamp":1785905425837,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-026-07438-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:27:49Z","timestamp":1785904069000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gout and diabetic retinopathy: elevated risks and the protective role of urate-lowering therapy"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Alshaikhsalama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angeline L.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"7438_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.15.2057","volume":"290","author":"NG Congdon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Congdon NG, Friedman DS, Lietman T (2003) Important Causes of Visual Impairment in the World Today. JAMA 290(15):2057\u20132060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.290.15.2057","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"7438_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2021.101140","volume":"67","author":"J Shweta Chaudhary","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shweta Chaudhary J, Zaveri N, Becker (2021) Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Dis Mon 67(5):101140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.disamonth.2021.101140","journal-title":"Dis Mon"},{"issue":"2","key":"7438_CR3","first-page":"233","volume":"39","author":"MD Davis","year":"1998","unstructured":"Davis MD, Fisher MR, Gangnon RE, Barton F, Aiello LM, Chew EY, Ferris FL, Knatterud GL (1998) Risk factors for high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy and severe visual loss: Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report #18. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39(2):233\u2013252","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"7438_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250100030","volume":"44","author":"M Porta","year":"2001","unstructured":"Porta M, Sjoelie AK, Chaturvedi N et al (2001) Risk factors for progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy in the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Diabetologia 44:2203\u20132209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s001250100030","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"7438_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1994.00420190068008","volume":"154","author":"R Klein","year":"1994","unstructured":"Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, Cruickshanks KJ (1994) Relationship of hyperglycemia to the long-term incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Arch Intern Med 154:2169\u20132178. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/htbin-post\/Entrez\/query?db=m&form=6& Dopt=r&uid=entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7944837&dopt=Abstract","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"7438_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1993.tb00120.x","volume":"10","author":"E Agardh","year":"1993","unstructured":"Agardh E, Agardh CD, Hansson-Lundblad C (1993) The five-year incidence of blindness after introducing a screening programme for early detection of treatable diabetic retinopathy. Diabet Med 10(6):555\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1993.tb00120.x. PMID: 8365093","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"7438_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-021-01396-2","volume":"21","author":"GS Crabtree","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crabtree GS, Chang JS (2021) Management of Complications and Vision Loss from Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. Curr Diab Rep 21:33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11892-021-01396-2","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"7438_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0413","volume":"44","author":"C Charles","year":"2021","unstructured":"Charles C, Wykoff RN, Khurana QD, Nguyen SP, Kelly F, Lum R, Hall IM, Abbass AM, Abolian (2021) Ivaylo Stoilov, Tu My To, Vincent Garmo; Risk of Blindness Among Patients With Diabetes and Newly Diagnosed Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetes Care 1 March 44(3):748\u2013756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc20-0413","journal-title":"Diabetes Care 1 March"},{"key":"7438_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40807","volume":"71","author":"M Chen-Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen-Xu M, Yokose C, Rai SK, Pillinger MH, Choi HK (2019) Contemporary prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the United States and decadal trends: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007\u20132016. Arthritis Rheumatol 71:991\u2013999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"7438_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(62)90501-9","volume":"280","author":"JS Faires","year":"1962","unstructured":"Faires JS, McCarty DJ (1962) Acute arthritis in man and dog after intrasynovial injection of sodium urate crystals. Lancet 280:682\u2013685","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"7438_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Geetha Chittoor VS, Voruganti (2020) Chap. 53 - Hyperuricemia and Gout, Editor(s): Raffaele DE Caterina, J. Alfredo Martinez, Martin Kohlmeier, Principles of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics, Academic Press, pp 389\u2013394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-804572-5.00053-7 ISBN 9780128045725.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804572-5.00053-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"7438_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.06.097","volume":"503","author":"D-D Zhu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhu D-D, Wang Y-Z, Zou C, She X-P, Zheng Z (2018) The role of uric acid in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy based on Notch pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 503(2):921\u2013929. . (https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0006291X18314098) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.06.097","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"7438_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-0912","volume":"68","author":"C Menaka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Menaka C, Thounaojam A, Montemari FL, Powell P, Malla DR, Gutsaeva A, Bachettoni G, Ripandelli A, Repossi A, Tawfik PM, Martin (2019) Francesco Facchiano, Manuela Bartoli; Monosodium Urate Contributes to Retinal Inflammation and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetes 1 May 68(5):1014\u20131025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db18-0912","journal-title":"Diabetes 1 May"},{"issue":"4","key":"7438_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.4.23","volume":"62","author":"H Yanan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yanan H, Chan Z, Li C, Shi Y, She X, Gu C, Wang Y, Zhou C, Zhao S, Zheng Z (2021) Haibing Chen; Higher Serum Uric Acid Levels Are Associated With an Increased Risk of Vision-Threatening Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 62(4):23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.62.4.23","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"7438_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906760","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.906760","volume":"10","author":"Y Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo Y, Liu S, Xu H (2022) Uric acid and diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health 10:906760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.906760. PMID: 35712295; PMCID: PMC9197488","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"7438_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-016-0586-8","volume":"18","author":"Y Sharon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sharon Y, Schlesinger N (2016) Beyond Joints: a Review of Ocular Abnormalities in Gout and Hyperuricemia. Curr Rheumatol Rep 18:37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11926-016-0586-8","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"7438_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17081248","volume":"17","author":"C-C Liang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liang C-C, Lin P-C, Lee M-Y, Chen S-C, Shin S-J, Hsiao P-J, Lin K-D, Hsu W-H (2016) Association of Serum Uric Acid Concentration with Diabetic Retinopathy and Albuminuria in Taiwanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 17:1248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms17081248","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"7438_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e297","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040297","volume":"4","author":"JP Vandenbroucke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vandenbroucke JP, von Elm E, Altman DG et al (2007) Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and Elaboration. PLoS Med 4(10):e297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040297","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"7438_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2011.568786","volume":"46","author":"PC Austin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Austin PC (2011) An Introduction to Propensity Score Methods for Reducing the Effects of Confounding in Observational Studies. Multivar Behav Res 46(3):399\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00273171.2011.568786. \/05\/31 2011","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"key":"7438_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12749","volume":"45","author":"J Ao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ao J, Goldblatt F, Casson RJ (2017) Review of the ophthalmic manifestations of gout and uric acid crystal deposition. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 45:73\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ceo.12749","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"7438_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3980\/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.03.09","volume":"6","author":"J Lin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lin J, Zhao GQ, Che CY, Yang SS, Wang Q, Li CG (2013) Characteristics of ocular abnormalities in gout patients. Int J Ophthalmol 6(3):307\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3980\/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.03.09. PMID: 23826523; PMCID: PMC3693010","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7438_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9691345","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9691345","volume":"2019","author":"Q Xiong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xiong Q, Liu J, Xu Y (2019) Effects of Uric Acid on Diabetes Mellitus and Its Chronic Complications. Int J Endocrinol 2019:9691345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/9691345. PMID: 31737070; PMCID: PMC6815590","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"7438_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19901","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019901","volume":"6","author":"T Lyngdoh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lyngdoh T, Marques-Vidal P, Paccaud F, Preisig M, Waeber G, Bochud M et al (2011) Elevated serum uric acid is associated with high circulating inflammatory cytokines in the population-based Colaus study. PLoS ONE 6:e19901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0019901","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7438_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04516","volume":"440","author":"F Martinon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Martinon F, P\u00e9trilli V, Mayor A, Tardivel A, Tschopp J (2006) Gout-associated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome. Nature 440:237\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature04516","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"7438_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2019.1570274","volume":"44","author":"Y Yao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yao Y, Li R, Du J, Long L, Li X, Luo N (2019) Interleukin-6 and diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Eye Res 44:564\u2013574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02713683.2019.1570274","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"7438_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0144406","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144406","volume":"10","author":"J Song","year":"2015","unstructured":"Song J, Chen S, Liu X, Duan H, Kong J, Li Z (2015) Relationship between C-reactive protein level and diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 10:e0144406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0144406","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7438_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2018.06.028","volume":"485","author":"Y Yao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yao Y, Li R, Du J, Li X, Zhao L, Long L et al (2018) Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 and diabetic retinopathy: review and meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta 485:210\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2018.06.028","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"7438_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564077","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.564077","volume":"11","author":"UM Kinuthia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kinuthia UM, Wolf A, Langmann T (2020) Microglia and inflammatory responses in diabetic retinopathy. Front Immunol 11:564077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.564077","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"7438_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0202156","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202156","volume":"13","author":"OO Mugisho","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mugisho OO, Rupenthal ID, Squirrell DM, Bould SJ, Danesh-Meyer HV, Zhang J et al (2018) Intravitreal pro-inflammatory cytokines in non-obese diabetic mice: modelling signs of diabetic retinopathy. PLoS ONE 13:e0202156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0202156","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7438_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12968","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-63340-0","volume":"14","author":"D Rivera-De-la-Parra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rivera-De-la-Parra D, Hern\u00e1ndez-Jim\u00e9nez S, Almeda-Vald\u00e9s P et al (2024) Association between uric acid and referable diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep 14:12968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-63340-0","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7438_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hou L, Shi Y, Wang S et al (2020) Associations of serum uric acid level with diabetic retinopathy and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Int Med Res 48(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0300060520963980","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520963980"},{"issue":"10","key":"7438_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.10.8","volume":"63","author":"H-L Pai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pai H-L, Hsieh SM-T, Su Y-S, Sue X-Y, Chang H-H (2022) David Pei-Cheng Lin; Short-Term Hyperuricemia Leads to Structural Retinal Changes That Can be Reversed by Serum Uric Acid Lowering Agents in Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 63(10):8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.63.10.8","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"7438_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2021.111561","volume":"199","author":"MC Tanya Pulido","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tanya Pulido MC, Velarde F, Alimirah (2021) The senescence-associated secretory phenotype: fueling a wound that never heals. Mech Ageing Dev 199:111561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mad.2021.111561 ISSN 0047-6374,","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"7438_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2023.2170886","volume":"32","author":"SS Sutton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sutton SS, Magagnoli J, Cummings TH, Hardin JW, Ambati J (2023) Allopurinol and the Risk of Diabetic Macular Edema among U.S. Veterans with Type 2 Diabetes. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 32(6):969\u2013975. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09273948.2023.2170886","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"7438_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.139","volume":"10","author":"L Stamp","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stamp L, Dalbeth N (2014) Screening for hyperuricaemia and gout: a perspective and research agenda. Nat Rev Rheumatol 10:752\u2013756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.139","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"7438_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2017.09.007","volume":"47","author":"EJM van Lieke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lieke EJM, Scheepers M, van Onna, Coen DA, Stehouwer JA, Singh, Ilja CW, Arts (2018) Annelies Boonen, Medication adherence among patients with gout: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 47(5):689\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2017.09.007","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"}],"container-title":["Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-026-07438-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00417-026-07438-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-026-07438-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:27:51Z","timestamp":1785904071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00417-026-07438-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["7438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-026-07438-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0721-832X","1435-702X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0721-832X","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-702X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 June 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 August 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The database complies with HIPAA regulations and holds ISO 27001:2013 certification. As only deidentified, aggregated data was analyzed, institutional IRB approval was waived.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}