{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T06:13:16Z","timestamp":1788502396048,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004770","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Parma","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004770","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Laser Speckle Flowgraphy (LSFG) is a non-invasive imaging technology that quantitatively evaluates retinal and choroidal blood flow by analyzing speckle patterns generated by laser light scattering. Compared with OCT-A, which provides detailed visualization of retinal and choroidal microvascular architecture, LSFG offers dynamic quantitative information on ocular blood flow. This systematic review summarizes the application of LSFG in two major vascular diseases: retinal vein occlusion (RVO), and central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This second part of a PRISMA-guided systematic review evaluates LSFG in RVO and CSCR, including studies published in English retrieved throughout a comprehensive literature search (2010\u20132025) conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library and EMBASE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-nine studies (966 eyes: 700 RVO, 266 CSCR) were analyzed. Across retinal vein occlusion, LSFG consistently showed that lower retinal mean blur rate (MBR) associates with higher VEGF\/other cytokines, greater ischemia, and worse visual prognosis, while higher baseline or early post-injection MBR predicts better central macular thickness reduction, fewer recurrences, and superior visual recovery. total capillary resistance correlated with clinical severity and visual outcomes. In CSCR, elevated choroidal MBR during the acute phase and its reduction after photodynamic therapy highlighted choroidal hyperperfusion as a key pathogenic mechanism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LSFG captures rapid, reproducible, and non-invasive functional perfusion and vascular-resistance dynamics in RVO and CSCR, complementing OCT-A structural microvascular metrics. Despite heterogeneity and the lack of meta-analysis, LSFG integration into multimodal imaging appears clinically valuable for early diagnosis, risk stratification, treatment monitoring, and the support of individualized care pathways in retinal and choroidal vascular disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-026-07461-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:42:34Z","timestamp":1788500554000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG) in retinal vein occlusion and central serous chorioretinopathy: a systematic review of the recent literature"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Carlo","family":"Bellucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Medea","family":"Virgili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Carta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"7461_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000598","volume":"12","author":"F Romano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Romano F, Lamanna F, Gabrielle PH, Teo KYC, Battaglia Parodi M, Iacono P, Fraser-Bell S, Cornish EE, Nassisi M, Viola F, Agarwal A, Samanta A, Chhablani J, Staurenghi G, Invernizzi A (2023) Update on retinal vein occlusion. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol 12:196\u2013210","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7461_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0801537","volume":"358","author":"RD Jager","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jager RD, Mieler WF, Miller JW (2008) Age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 358:2606\u20132617","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"7461_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62124-3","volume":"376","author":"N Cheung","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cheung N, Mitchell P, Wong TY (2010) Diabetic retinopathy. Lancet 376:124\u2013136","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"7461_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2019.02.004","volume":"64","author":"IS Kornblau","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kornblau IS, El-Annan JF (2019) Adverse reactions to fluorescein angiography: A comprehensive review. Surv Ophthalmol 64:679\u2013693","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7461_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics1030220","volume":"1","author":"T Sugiyama","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sugiyama T (2014) Basic technology and clinical applications of the updated model of laser speckle flowgraphy to ocular diseases. Photonics 1:220\u2013234","journal-title":"Photonics"},{"key":"7461_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000160","volume":"5","author":"H Kunikata","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kunikata H, Nakazawa T (2016) Recent clinical applications of laser speckle flowgraphy in eyes with retinal disease. Asia-Pac J Ophthalmol 5:151\u2013158","journal-title":"Asia-Pac J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7461_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2009.01586.x","volume":"88","author":"T Sugiyama","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sugiyama T, Araie M, Riva CE, Schmetterer L, Org\u00fcl S (2010) Use of laser speckle flowgraphy in ocular blood flow research. Acta Ophthalmol 88:723\u2013729","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7461_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168190","volume":"11","author":"N Luft","year":"2016","unstructured":"Luft N, Wozniak PA, Aschinger GC, Fondi K, Bata AM, Werkmeister RM, Schmidl D, Witkowska KJ, Bolz M, Garh\u00f6fer G, Schmetterer L (2016) Ocular blood flow measurements in healthy white subjects using laser speckle flowgraphy. PLoS One 11:e0168190","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"7461_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.01.012","volume":"273","author":"EF Linton","year":"2025","unstructured":"Linton EF, Ahmad NU, Filister R, Wang JK, Sohn EH, Kardon RH (2025) Laser speckle flowgraphy reveals widespread reductions in ocular blood flow in nonexudative age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 273:92\u2013106","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"7461_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2025.09.016","volume":"71","author":"YH Tseng","year":"2026","unstructured":"Tseng YH, Wu PL, Kang EY, Chen KJ, Yeh PH, Yeung L, Sun MH, Wang NK, Hwang YS, Lai CC, Wu WC (2026) Advancements in ocular blood flow imaging: clinical applications of laser speckle flowgraphy and optical coherence tomography angiography in retinal and choroidal vascular diseases. Surv Ophthalmol 71(2):627\u2013646","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7461_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-311750","volume":"102","author":"G Calzetti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Calzetti G, Fondi K, Bata AM, Luft N, Wozniak PA, Witkowska KJ, Bolz M, Popa-Cherecheanu A, Werkmeister RM, Schmidl D, Garh\u00f6fer G, Schmetterer L (2018) Assessment of choroidal blood flow using laser speckle flowgraphy. Br J Ophthalmol 102:1679\u20131683","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7461_CR12","first-page":"1119","volume":"8","author":"F Nitta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nitta F, Kunikata H, Aizawa N, Omodaka K, Shiga Y, Yasuda M, Nakazawa T (2014) Effect of intravitreal bevacizumab on ocular blood flow in diabetic retinopathy and BRVO measured by LSFG. Clin Ophthalmol 8:1119\u20131127","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7461_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000000005","volume":"8","author":"M Matsumoto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Matsumoto M, Suzuma K, Fukazawa Y, Yamada Y, Tsuiki E, Fujikawa A et al (2014) Retinal blood flow measured by LSFG after bevacizumab for macular edema secondary to CRVO. Retin Cases Brief Rep 8:60\u201366","journal-title":"Retin Cases Brief Rep"},{"key":"7461_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000595","volume":"35","author":"Y Yamada","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yamada Y, Suzuma K, Matsumoto M, Tsuiki E, Fujikawa A, Harada T, Kitaoka T (2015) Retinal blood flow correlates with aqueous VEGF levels in CRVO. Retina 35:2037\u20132042","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"7461_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-016-0211-7","volume":"16","author":"D Nagasato","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nagasato D, Mitamura Y, Semba K, Akaiwa K, Nagasawa T, Yoshizumi Y, Tabuchi H, Kiuchi Y (2016) Correlation between optic nerve head circulation and visual function before and after anti-VEGF therapy for CRVO: prospective interventional case series. BMC Ophthalmol 16:36","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7461_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-016-0239-8","volume":"16","author":"H Noma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Noma H, Yasuda K, Minezaki T, Watarai S, Shimura M (2016) Changes of retinal flow volume after bevacizumab in BRVO with macular edema. BMC Ophthalmol 16:61","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7461_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-21115","volume":"58","author":"M Fukami","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fukami M, Iwase T, Yamamoto K, Kaneko H, Yasuda S, Terasaki H (2017) Changes in retinal microcirculation after intravitreal ranibizumab for macular edema secondary to BRVO. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 58:1246\u20131255","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"7461_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osamura H, Shiba T, Itokawa T, Matsumoto T, Hori Y (2017) Relationships among ocular blood flow by LSFG, arteriosclerotic change, and FA chorioretinal circulation time. J Ophthalmol. :2969064, 2017","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2969064"},{"key":"7461_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-017-3692-z","volume":"255","author":"M Sugimoto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sugimoto M, Nunome T, Sakamoto R, Kobayashi M, Kondo M (2017) Effect of intravitreal ranibizumab on ocular circulation of the untreated fellow eye. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 255:1543\u20131550","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7461_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001531","volume":"38","author":"M Matsumoto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Matsumoto M, Suzuma K, Yamada Y, Tsuiki E, Fujikawa A, Kitaoka T (2018) Retinal blood flow after intravitreal bevacizumab predicts outcomes of macular edema associated with CRVO. Retina 38:283\u2013291","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"7461_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001566","volume":"38","author":"M Okamoto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Okamoto M, Yamashita M, Sakamoto T, Ogata N (2018) Choroidal blood flow and thickness as predictors for response to anti-VEGF therapy in macular edema secondary to BRVO. Retina 38:550\u2013558","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"7461_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.11.4","volume":"9","author":"M Matsumoto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Matsumoto M, Suzuma K, Akiyama F, Yamada K, Harada S, Tsuiki E, Nakazawa T, Kitaoka T (2020) Retinal microvascular resistance estimated from LSFG waveform analysis is significantly higher in CRVO. Transl Vis Sci Technol 9:4","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"7461_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10010058","volume":"10","author":"H Noma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Noma H, Yasuda K, Mimura T, Suganuma N, Shimura M (2020) Retinal microcirculation and cytokines as predictors for recurrence of macular edema after intravitreal ranibizumab in BRVO. J Clin Med 10:58","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"7461_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-01486-x","volume":"20","author":"H Noma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Noma H, Yasuda K, Mimura T, Ofusa A, Shimura M (2020) Relationship between retinal blood flow and cytokines in CRVO. BMC Ophthalmol 20:215","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7461_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1159\/000519150","volume":"64","author":"Y Takano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Takano Y, Noma H, Yasuda K, Yamaguchi T, Goto H, Shimura M (2021) Retinal blood flow as predictor of macular edema recurrence after intravitreal ranibizumab for CRVO. Ophthalmic Res 64:1013\u20131019","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"7461_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.11.19","volume":"10","author":"M Matsumoto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matsumoto M, Suzuma K, Akiyama F, Yamada K, Harada S, Tsuiki E, Kitaoka T (2021) Retinal vascular resistance correlates with visual acuity at 1-year following anti-VEGF in CRVO. Transl Vis Sci Technol 10:19","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"7461_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20034","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99572-7","volume":"11","author":"R Tomita","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tomita R, Iwase T, Fukami M, Goto K, Ra E, Terasaki H (2021) Elevated retinal artery resistance visualized by LSFG in BRVO. Sci Rep 11:20034","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7461_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2023.101847","volume":"30","author":"T Maeno","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maeno T, Aso K, Hashimoto R, Masahara H (2023) Improving blood flow in occluded veins to reduce anti-VEGF injections in BRVO. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 30:101847","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"key":"7461_CR29","first-page":"1053","volume":"59","author":"K Yasuda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yasuda K, Noma H, Mimura T, Nonaka R, Sasaki S, Suganuma N, Shimura M (2023) Ranibizumab effects on peripheral retinal microcirculation and cytokines in BRVO-ME. Med (Kaunas) 59:1053","journal-title":"Med (Kaunas)"},{"key":"7461_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1159\/000531498","volume":"66","author":"K Yasuda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yasuda K, Noma H, Oyama E, Yanagida K, Asakage M, Shimura M (2023) Ranibizumab for CRVO-ME: functional-morphological and choroidal parameter changes. Ophthalmic Res 66:1063\u20131070","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"7461_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14202328","volume":"14","author":"R Hashimoto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hashimoto R, Aso K, Yata K, Fujioka N, Tanaka K, Moriyama S, Hirota A, Kawamura J, Maeno T (2024) Baseline choroidal flow imbalance predicts macular edema recurrence in BRVO. Diagnostics (Basel) 14:2328","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"7461_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14222484","volume":"14","author":"R Hashimoto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hashimoto R, Aso K, Yata K, Fujioka N, Tanaka K, Yamazaki R, Moriyama S, Kawamura J, Hirota A, Maeno T (2024) Influence of aflibercept on choroidal flow and thickness in BRVO at 6 months. Diagnostics (Basel) 14:2484","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"7461_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2012-302349","volume":"97","author":"M Saito","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saito M, Saito W, Hirooka K, Hashimoto Y, Mori S, Noda K, Ishida S (2013) Macular choroidal blood flow velocity decreases with regression of acute CSCR. Br J Ophthalmol 97:775\u2013780","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7461_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20150101-04","volume":"46","author":"M Okamoto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Okamoto M, Matsuura T, Ogata N (2015) Choroidal thickness and blood flow after intravitreal bevacizumab injection in CSCR. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 46:25\u201332","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"key":"7461_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6515","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17246","volume":"56","author":"M Saito","year":"2015","unstructured":"Saito M, Saito W, Hirooka K, Hashimoto Y, Mori S, Noda K, Ishida S (2015) Pulse waveform changes in macular choroidal hemodynamics in resolving CSCR. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 56:6515\u20136522","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"7461_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-021-01980-w","volume":"21","author":"S Kumashiro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumashiro S, Takagi S, Itokawa T, Tajima A, Kobayashi T, Hori Y (2021) Dose-reduced PDT reduces choroidal blood flow in chronic CSCR. BMC Ophthalmol 21:241","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7461_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-021-00889-7","volume":"66","author":"K Hirooka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hirooka K, Saito M, Yamashita Y, Hashimoto Y, Terao N, Koizumi H, Noda K, Ishida S (2022) Imbalanced choroidal circulation in asymmetric dilated vortex vein. Jpn J Ophthalmol 66:14\u201318","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"7461_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17032","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21584-8","volume":"12","author":"E Horiguchi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Horiguchi E, Nishiguchi KM, Kataoka K et al (2022) Choroidal hemodynamics post-half-dose PDT and smoking impact in CSCR. Sci Rep 12:17032","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7461_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02879-0","volume":"38","author":"AM Abu El-Asrar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abu El-Asrar AM, AlBloushi AF, Abouammoh MA et al (2024) Choroidal blood flow velocity: initial-onset acute VKH uveitis vs CSCR. Eye (Lond) 38:1269\u20131275","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"7461_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4777","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13164777","volume":"13","author":"O Nishi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nishi O, Nishi Y, Tatsumichi M, Yasukawa T (2024) Hydrodynamic pathogenesis of pachyvein formation in CSCR. J Clin Med 13:4777","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"7461_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-018-0159-1","volume":"8","author":"B Cakir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cakir B, Reich M, Lang S, B\u00fchler A, Ehlken C, Grundel B, Stech M, Reichl S, Stahl A, B\u00f6hringer D, Agostini H, Lange C (2019) OCTA of the choriocapillaris in CSCR: quantitative subgroup analysis. Ophthalmol Ther 8:75\u201386","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"}],"container-title":["Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-026-07461-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00417-026-07461-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00417-026-07461-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:42:36Z","timestamp":1788500556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00417-026-07461-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["7461"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-026-07461-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0721-832X","1435-702X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0721-832X","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-702X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 July 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 August 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 September 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Local Ethical Committee \u201cArea Vasta Emilia Nord (AVEN)\u201d does not require official approval for the publication of literature reviews.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Institutional review board","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None to disclose.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Disclosure\u00a0of public and private support","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None of the authors have any financial interest in the matter discussed in this paper.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Financial interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}