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This is rarely done for visual acuity. We here demonstrate that a confidence interval (CI) can be obtained for visual acuity based on all staircase responses. The CI is obtained via bootstrapping to construct an estimate of the pragmatic distribution of outcomes. The method has been implemented in FrACT\u2081\u2080 (Freiburg Vision Test) and can calculate the 95% CI based on 18 trials, sampled 10,000 times. In two large datasets, the sampling-based confidence intervals were found to be very close to the test-retest limits of agreement (based on repeat runs). The bootstrapping approach might fruitfully be generalized to other psychophysical thresholds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-026-07546-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T05:02:15Z","timestamp":1791435735000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Visual acuity: single-run confidence interval obtained via bootstrapping, implemented in the Freiburg Vision Test"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2028-535X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Bach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Treutwein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4906-3937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven P.","family":"Heinrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"7546_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"British Standards Institution (1987) British Standard: Precision of Test Methods. 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They followed the tenets of the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its amendments [\n                      \n                      ]. Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Author MB has received consulting fees for advice on study design involving FrACT from Pixium, ProQR, ONL Therapeutics, Novartis, GenSight and Spulbio-Thea. Code has been licensed for a commercial version to Diagnosys.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Potential of conflict of interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"MB has received consulting fees for several studies employing FrACT.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}