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These systems could also help increase the production of useful livestock or genetically modified animals, and aid in identifying the causes of infertility in humans. Recently, we revealed, using an in vitro system for recapitulating oogenesis, that the activation of the estrogen signaling pathway induces abnormal follicle formation, that blocking estrogen-induced expression of anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone is crucial for normal follicle formation, and that the production of \u03b1-fetoprotein in fetal liver tissue is involved in normal in vivo follicle formation. In mouse fetuses, follicle formation is not carried out by factors within the ovaries but is instead orchestrated by distal endocrine factors. This review outlines findings from genetics, endocrinology, and in vitro studies regarding the factors that can affect the formation of primordial follicles in mammals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-021-02058-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T12:07:51Z","timestamp":1638274071000},"page":"333-345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Insights into in vivo follicle formation: a review of in vitro systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"157","author":[{"given":"Ren","family":"Tanimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyota","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinya","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7445-7650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yayoi","family":"Obata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2058_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms1939.38.339","volume":"38","author":"T Abe","year":"1976","unstructured":"Abe T, Komatsu M, Takeishi M, Tsunekane T (1976) The alpha-fetoprotein level in the sera of bovine fetuses and calves. 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