{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T05:36:51Z","timestamp":1794202611796,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CB16\/11\/00261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB16\/11\/00261"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI20\/00637"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/00637"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI23\/01150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI23\/01150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014849","name":"Conselleria de Cultura, Educaci\u00f3n y Ciencia, Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PROMETEO\/2021\/008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROMETEO\/2021\/008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014849","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014849","name":"Conselleria de Cultura, Educaci\u00f3n y Ciencia, Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PROMETEO\/2021\/008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROMETEO\/2021\/008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014849","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Universitat de Valencia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Histochem Cell Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Skin represents the main barrier against the external environment, but also plays a role in human relations, as one of the prime determinants of beauty, resulting in a high consumer demand for skincare-related pharmaceutical products. Given the importance of skin aging in both medical and social spheres, the present research aims to characterize microscopic changes in human skin composition due to intrinsic aging (as opposed to aging influenced by external factors) via histological analysis of a photoprotected body region. Samples from 25 autopsies were taken from the periumbilical area and classified into four age groups: group\u00a01 (0\u201312\u00a0years), group\u00a02 (13\u201325\u00a0years), group\u00a03 (26\u201354\u00a0years), and group\u00a04 (\u2265\u200955\u00a0years). Different traditional histological (hematoxylin\u2013eosin, Masson\u2019s trichrome, orcein, toluidine, Alcian blue, and Feulgen reaction) and immunohistochemical (CK20, CD1a, Ki67, and CD31) stains were performed. A total of 1879 images photographed with a Leica DM3000 optical microscope were morphometrically analyzed using Image ProPlus\u00a07.0 for further statistical analysis with GraphPad\u00a09.0. Our results showed a reduction in epidermis thickness, interdigitation and mitotic indexes, while melanocyte count was raised. Papillary but not reticular dermis showed increased thickness with aging. Specifically, in the papillary layer mast cells and glycosaminoglycans were expanded, whereas the reticular dermis displayed a diminution in glycosaminoglycans and elastic fibers. Moreover, total cellularity and vascularization of both dermises were diminished with aging. This morphometric analysis of photoprotected areas reveals that intrinsic aging significantly influences human skin composition. This study paves the way for further research into the molecular basis underpinning these alterations, and into potential antiaging strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-024-02305-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T07:02:04Z","timestamp":1719903724000},"page":"259-271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Changes in human skin composition due to intrinsic aging: a histologic and morphometric study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"162","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Arnal-Forn\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Molina-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Marcos-Garc\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Ferr\u00e1ndez-Izquierdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Sepulveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicente","family":"Bod\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"R\u00edos-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amparo","family":"Ruiz-Saur\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2305_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/J.FSC.2018.06.002","volume":"26","author":"L Baumann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baumann L (2018) How to use oral and topical cosmeceuticals to prevent and treat skin aging. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 26:407\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.FSC.2018.06.002","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"2305_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1034\/J.1600-0781.2000.160601.X","volume":"16","author":"M Berneburg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Berneburg M, Plettenberg H, Krutmann J (2000) Photoaging of human skin. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 16:239\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/J.1600-0781.2000.160601.X","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed"},{"key":"2305_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1751-1097.2007.00226.X","volume":"84","author":"M Brenner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brenner M, Hearing VJ (2008) The protective role of melanin against UV damage in human skin. Photochem Photobiol 84:539\u2013549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1751-1097.2007.00226.X","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"2305_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1001\/ARCHDERM.138.11.1437","volume":"138","author":"JH Chung","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chung JH, Yano K, Lee MK et al (2002) Differential effects of photoaging vs intrinsic aging on the vascularization of human skin. Arch Dermatol 138:1437\u20131442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/ARCHDERM.138.11.1437","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2305_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14754","volume":"32","author":"L Costello","year":"2023","unstructured":"Costello L, Goncalves K, De Los Santos Gomez P, Simpson A, Maltman V, Ritchie P, Tasseff R, Isfort R, Dicolandrea T, Wei X, M\u00e4\u00e4tt\u00e4 A, Karakesisoglou I, Markiewicz E, Bascom CC, Przyborski S (2023) Quantitative morphometric analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic skin ageing in individuals with Fitzpatrick skin types II-III. Exp Dermatol 32(5):620\u2013631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/exd.14754","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"2305_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12641","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS222312641","volume":"22","author":"E Csekes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Csekes E, Ra\u010dkov\u00e1 L (2021) Skin aging, cellular senescence and natural polyphenols. Int J Mol Sci 22:12641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJMS222312641","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"2305_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2023.v13.i12.7","volume":"13","author":"G Demyashkin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Demyashkin G, Shapovalova Y, Marukyan A, Vadyukhin M, Alieva L, Guseynova N, Koryakin S, Filimonova M, Shegay P, Kaprin AA (2023) Immunohistochemical and histochemical analysis of the rat skin after local electron irradiation. Open Vet J 13(12):1570\u20131582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/OVJ.2023.v13.i12.7","journal-title":"Open Vet J"},{"key":"2305_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1089\/WOUND.2011.0356","volume":"2","author":"MA Farage","year":"2013","unstructured":"Farage MA, Miller K, Elsner P, Maibach HI (2013) Characteristics of the aging skin. Adv Wound Care 2:5\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/WOUND.2011.0356","journal-title":"Adv Wound Care"},{"key":"2305_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.115.1.92","volume":"115","author":"B Fink","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fink B, Grammer K, Thornhill R (2001) Human (Homo sapiens) facial attractiveness in relation to skin texture and color. J Comp Psychol 115:92\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0735-7036.115.1.92","journal-title":"J Comp Psychol"},{"key":"2305_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1001\/ARCHDERM.138.11.1462","volume":"138","author":"GJ Fisher","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fisher GJ, Kang S, Varani J, Bata-Csorgo Z, Wan Y, Datta S, Voorhees JJ (2002) Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging. Arch Dermatol 138:1462\u20131470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/ARCHDERM.138.11.1462","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"2305_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4943(90)90044-7","volume":"10","author":"C Frances","year":"1990","unstructured":"Frances C, Branchet MC, Boisnic S, Lesty CL, Robert L (1990) Elastic fibers in normal human skin. Variations with age: a morphometric analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 10:57\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0167-4943(90)90044-7","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"2305_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1159\/000497375","volume":"65","author":"T F\u00fcl\u00f6p","year":"2019","unstructured":"F\u00fcl\u00f6p T, Larbi A, Witkowski JM (2019) Human inflammaging. Gerontology 65:495\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000497375","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2305_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s007840050026","volume":"1","author":"B Gogly","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gogly B, Godeau G, Gilbert S, Legrand JM, Kut C, Pellat B, Goldberg M (1997) Morphometric analysis of collagen and elastic fibers in normal skin and gingiva in relation to age. Clin Oral Investig 1(3):147\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s007840050026","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"2305_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1093\/GERONA\/GLQ205","volume":"66","author":"AG Gunin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gunin AG, Kornilova NK, Vasilieva OV, Petrov VV (2011) Age-related changes in proliferation, the numbers of mast cells, eosinophils, and cd45-positive cells in human dermis. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med 66:385\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/GERONA\/GLQ205","journal-title":"J Gerontol Biol Sci Med"},{"key":"2305_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EXGER.2014.04.010","volume":"55","author":"AG Gunin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gunin AG, Petrov VV, Golubtzova NN, Vasilieva OV, Kornilova NK (2014) Age-related changes in angiogenesis in human dermis. Exp Gerontol 55:143\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.EXGER.2014.04.010","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"2305_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MAD.2018.03.006","volume":"177","author":"V Haydont","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haydont V, Bernard BA, Fortunel NO (2019) Age-related evolutions of the dermis: clinical signs, fibroblast and extracellular matrix dynamics. Mech Ageing Dev 177:150\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.MAD.2018.03.006","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"},{"key":"2305_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1046\/J.1365-2133.2001.04337.X","volume":"145","author":"N Hunzelmann","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hunzelmann N, Nischt R, Brenneisen P, Eickert A, Krieg T (2001) Increased deposition of fibulin-2 in solar elastosis and its colocalization with elastic fibres. Br J Dermatol 145:217\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/J.1365-2133.2001.04337.X","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2305_CR18","first-page":"1019","volume":"134","author":"S Imayama","year":"1989","unstructured":"Imayama S, Braverman IM (1989) A hypothetical explanation for the aging of skin. Chronologic alteration of the three-dimensional arrangement of collagen and elastic fibers in connective tissue. Am J Pathol 134:1019","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2305_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9932","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1511680112","volume":"112","author":"YG Kamberov","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kamberov YG, Karlsson EK, Kamberova GL, Lieberman DE, Sabeti PC, Morgan BA, Tabin CJ (2015) A genetic basis of variation in eccrine sweat gland and hair follicle density. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:9932\u20139937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1511680112","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2305_CR20","first-page":"390","volume":"12","author":"J Kanitakis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kanitakis J (2002) Anatomy, histology and immunohistochemistry of normal human skin. Eur J Dermatol 12:390\u2013401","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"2305_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsc.2011.04.003","volume":"19","author":"J Khavkin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khavkin J, Ellis DAF (2011) Aging skin: histology, physiology, and pathology. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 19:229\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsc.2011.04.003","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"2305_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201302600403","volume":"26","author":"SK Kritas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kritas SK, Saggini A, Varvara G et al (2013) Impact of mast cells on the skin. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 26:855\u2013859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/039463201302600403","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2305_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3849","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS22083849","volume":"22","author":"YI Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee YI, Choi S, Roh WS, Lee JH, Kim TG (2021) Cellular senescence and inflammaging in the skin microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 22:3849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJMS22083849","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2305_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02422","volume":"3","author":"Y Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li Y, Liu Y, Xia W, Lei D, Voorhees JJ, Fisher GJ (2013) Age-dependent alterations of decorin glycosaminoglycans in human skin. Sci Rep 3:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep02422","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2305_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.5.003266","volume":"5","author":"Y-H Liao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liao Y-H, Kuo W-C, Chou S-Y et al (2014) Quantitative analysis of intrinsic skin aging in dermal papillae by in vivo harmonic generation microscopy. Biomed Opt Express 5:3266\u20133279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/BOE.5.003266","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"2305_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/JOA.12186","volume":"225","author":"V Marcos-Garc\u00e9s","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marcos-Garc\u00e9s V, Molina Aguilar P, Bea Serrano C et al (2014) Age-related dermal collagen changes during development, maturation and ageing\u2014a morphometric and comparative study. J Anat 225:98\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/JOA.12186","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"2305_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1600-0625.2008.00775.X","volume":"18","author":"L Micallef","year":"2009","unstructured":"Micallef L, Belaubre F, Pinon A, Jayat-Vignoles C, Delage C, Charveron M, Simon A (2009) Effects of extracellular calcium on the growth-differentiation switch in immortalized keratinocyte HaCaT\u00a0cells compared with normal human keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 18:143\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1600-0625.2008.00775.X","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"2305_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1432-0436.1984.TB00277.X","volume":"28","author":"R Moll","year":"1984","unstructured":"Moll R, Moll I, Franke WW (1984) Identification of Merkel cells in human skin by specific cytokeratin antibodies: changes of cell density and distribution in fetal and adult plantar epidermis. Differentiation 28:136\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1432-0436.1984.TB00277.X","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"2305_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3914","DOI":"10.7150\/THNO.84912","volume":"13","author":"YJ Park","year":"2023","unstructured":"Park YJ, Kim JC, Kim Y et al (2023) Senescent melanocytes driven by glycolytic changes are characterized by melanosome transport dysfunction. Theranostics 13:3914. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/THNO.84912","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"2305_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19970815)38:4<428::AID-JEMT10>3.0.CO;2-L","volume":"38","author":"I Pasquali-Ronchetti","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pasquali-Ronchetti I, Baccarani-Contri M (1997) Elastic fiber during development and aging. Microsc Res Tech 38:428\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19970815)38:4%3c428::AID-JEMT10%3e3.0.CO;2-L","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"2305_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EXGER.2017.10.024","volume":"105","author":"G Pawelec","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pawelec G (2018) Age and immunity: what is \u201cimmunosenescence\u201d? Exp Gerontol 105:4\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.EXGER.2017.10.024","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"2305_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/EXD.14708","volume":"32","author":"C Pezzini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pezzini C, Ciardo S, Guida S et al (2023) Skin ageing: clinical aspects and in vivo microscopic patterns observed with reflectance confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography. Exp Dermatol 32:348\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/EXD.14708","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"2305_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02505294\/METRICS","volume":"288","author":"J Rogers","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rogers J, Harding C, Mayo A, Banks J, Rawlings A (1996) Stratum corneum lipids: the effect of ageing and the seasons. Arch Dermatol Res 288:765\u2013770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02505294\/METRICS","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"2305_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1034\/J.1600-0463.2003.11107805.X","volume":"111","author":"N Romani","year":"2003","unstructured":"Romani N, Holzmann S, Tripp CH, Koch F, Stoitzner P (2003) Langerhans cells\u2014dendritic cells of the epidermis. APMIS 111:725\u2013740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/J.1600-0463.2003.11107805.X","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"2305_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82601-w","volume":"11","author":"Y Sakano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sakano Y, Wada A, Ikeda H, Saheki Y, Tagai K, Ando H (2021) Human brain activity reflecting facial attractiveness from skin reflection. Sci Rep 11:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-82601-w","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2305_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SMIM.2013.09.005","volume":"25","author":"JA Sanford","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sanford JA, Gallo RL (2013) Functions of the skin microbiota in health and disease. Semin Immunol 25:370\u2013377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.SMIM.2013.09.005","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"2305_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935347","DOI":"10.3389\/FPSYG.2022.935347\/FULL","volume":"13","author":"YHP Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun YHP, Zhang X, Lu N, Li J, Wang Z (2022) Your face looks the same as before, only prettier: the facial skin homogeneity effects on face change detection and facial attractiveness perception. Front Psychol 13:935347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FPSYG.2022.935347\/FULL","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2305_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1034\/J.1600-0846.2000.006001017.X","volume":"6","author":"F Tim\u00e1r","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tim\u00e1r F, So\u00f3s G, Szende B, Horv\u00e1th A (2000) Interdigitation index\u2014a parameter for differentiating between young and older skin specimens. Skin Res Technol 6:17\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/J.1600-0846.2000.006001017.X","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"2305_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/AR.1092380202","volume":"238","author":"L Vitellaro-Zuccarello","year":"1994","unstructured":"Vitellaro-Zuccarello L, Cappelletti S, Rossi VDP, Sari-Gorla M (1994) Stereological analysis of collagen and elastic fibers in the normal human dermis: variability with age, sex, and body region. Anat Rec 238:153\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/AR.1092380202","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"2305_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/J.0909-725X.2005.00151.X","volume":"11","author":"JM Waller","year":"2005","unstructured":"Waller JM, Maibach HI (2005) Age and skin structure and function, a quantitative approach (I): blood flow, pH, thickness, and ultrasound echogenicity. Skin Res Technol 11:221\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.0909-725X.2005.00151.X","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"2305_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/J.0909-752X.2006.00146.X","volume":"12","author":"JM Waller","year":"2006","unstructured":"Waller JM, Maibach HI (2006) Age and skin structure and function, a quantitative approach (II): protein, glycosaminoglycan, water, and lipid content and structure. Skin Res Technol 12:145\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.0909-752X.2006.00146.X","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"2305_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5551","DOI":"10.18632\/AGING.102946","volume":"12","author":"Z Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Z, Man MQ, Li T, Elias PM, Mauro TM (2020) Aging-associated alterations in epidermal function and their clinical significance. Aging 12:5551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/AGING.102946","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"2305_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/J.YDBIO.2016.12.020","volume":"422","author":"MC Wright","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wright MC, Logan GJ, Bolock AM, Kubicki AC, Hemphill JA, Sanders TA, Maricich SM (2017) Merkel cells are long-lived cells whose production is stimulated by skin injury. Dev Biol 422:4\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.YDBIO.2016.12.020","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"2305_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689717725755","volume":"27","author":"S Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang S, Duan E (2018) Fighting against skin aging: the way from bench to bedside. Cell Transplant 27:729\u2013738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0963689717725755","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"}],"container-title":["Histochemistry and Cell Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00418-024-02305-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00418-024-02305-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00418-024-02305-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T10:05:04Z","timestamp":1725012304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00418-024-02305-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2305"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00418-024-02305-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0948-6143","1432-119X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0948-6143","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-119X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 June 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}