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Nevertheless, the expression of TLRs by germ cells has only been demonstrated for TLR-3, TLR-9, and TLR-11. Furthermore, the expression of each TLR in relation to the stage of spermatogenesis remains uncertain. We aimed in the present study to examine the expression pattern of all TLRs in germ cells throughout the cycle of seminiferous epithelium in the adult mouse testis. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of TLRs. Results of the present study reveal the expression of TLRs by specific populations of germ cells. Expression of TLRs, except for TLR-7, at endosomal compartments, acrosomes, and\/or residual bodies was another interesting and novel finding of the present study. We further demonstrate that the expression of TLR-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -7, -11, -12, and -13 follows a distinct spatiotemporal pattern throughout the cycle of seminiferous epithelium. While TLR-1, -3, -5, -11, and -12 are expressed in all stages, TLR-4 is expressed only in early and middle stages of spermatogenic cycle. On the other hand, TLR-2, -7, and -13 are expressed only in early stage of spermatogenic cycle. Evidence demonstrating the expression of TLRs in a stage specific manner throughout spermatogenesis strengthen the hypothesis that the expression of various TLRs by germ cells is a developmentally regulated process. However, if TLRs play a role in the regulation of proliferation, growth, maturation, and differentiation of germ cells throughout the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium warrants further investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-024-02310-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T16:02:29Z","timestamp":1722441749000},"page":"323-335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Stage-specific expression of Toll-like receptors in the seminiferous epithelium of mouse testis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"162","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4583-3140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00f6ksel","family":"Do\u011fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9126-1016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"Sand\u0131k\u00e7\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2074-2450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Levent","family":"Karagen\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2310_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-103-5_16","volume":"558","author":"EA Ahmed","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ahmed EA, de Rooij DG (2009) Staging of mouse seminiferous tubule cross-sections. 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