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inflammation and cancer progression. They originate from the mesoderm or neural-crest-derived ectomesenchyme. Ectomesenchyme-derived fibroblasts contribute to facial formation and do not express\n                    <jats:italic>HOX<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes during development. The expression and role of the\n                    <jats:italic>HOX<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes in adult fibroblasts is not known. We investigated whether the developmental pattern persists into adulthood and under pathological conditions, such as cancer. We collected adult fibroblasts of ectomesenchymal and mesodermal origins from distinct body parts. The isolated fibroblasts were characterised by immunocytochemistry, and their transcriptome was analysed by whole genome profiling. Significant differences were observed between normal fibroblasts from the face (ectomesenchyme) and upper limb (mesoderm), particularly in genes associated with limb development, including\n                    <jats:italic>HOX<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes, e.g.,\n                    <jats:italic>HOXA9<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>HOXD9<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Notably, the pattern of\n                    <jats:italic>HOX<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene expression remained consistent postnatally, even in fibroblasts from pathological tissues, including inflammatory states and cancer-associated fibroblasts from primary and metastatic tumours. Therefore, the distinctive\n                    <jats:italic>HOX<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene expression pattern can serve as an indicator of the topological origin of fibroblasts. The influence of cell position and\n                    <jats:italic>HOX<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene expression in fibroblasts on disease progression warrants further investigation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-025-02362-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T04:23:19Z","timestamp":1741580599000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The HOX code of human adult fibroblasts reflects their ectomesenchymal or mesodermal origin"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"163","author":[{"given":"Lucie","family":"Pfeiferov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"\u0160panko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"\u0160\u00e1chov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milu\u0161e","family":"Hradilov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth J.","family":"Pienta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaroslav","family":"Valach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladim\u00edr","family":"Macho\u0148","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbora","family":"V\u00fdmolov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksi","family":"\u0160edo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Bu\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavol","family":"Szabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luk\u00e1\u0161","family":"Lacina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"G\u00e1l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Kol\u00e1\u0159","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Karel","family":"Smetana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2362_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2007.0220","volume":"17","author":"KB Ackema","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ackema KB, Charit\u00e9 J (2008) Mesenchymal stem cells from different organs are characterized by distinct topographic Hox codes. 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