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This study investigated whether prenatal exposure to 3.5\u00a0GHz radiofrequency radiation (RFR) is associated with renal structural alterations, autophagy-related changes, and DNA damage in adult rat offspring. A total of 24 pregnant Wistar Hannover rats were randomly assigned to sham control, exposure during the last 2 weeks of gestation (D2T: exposure during the last 2 weeks of gestation), or exposure throughout gestation (D3T: exposure throughout gestation) groups (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20098 dams per group). Male offspring were selected and euthanized at 6 months of age. Kidney tissues were examined histopathologically for structural alterations. Autophagy-related markers (Beclin-1 and LC3) were assessed by immunohistochemistry, and DNA damage was evaluated using the comet assay. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by appropriate post hoc tests. Peak spatial specific absorption rate (psSAR) values in the uterine region were 0.06622 mW\/g (1\u00a0g averaging) and 0.03825 mW\/g (10\u00a0g averaging). Prenatal RFR exposure was associated with significant renal histopathological alterations in offspring, most pronounced in the D3T group, including glomerular atrophy, tubular dilation, epithelial vacuolization, and cast formation (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01\u20130.001 versus controls). Beclin-1 and LC3 expression levels were significantly increased in both exposure groups (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), suggesting altered autophagy-related marker expression. The comet assay demonstrated significantly increased DNA fragmentation in D2T and D3T groups compared with controls (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), indicating increased genomic stress. Overall, prenatal exposure to 3.5\u00a0GHz RFR is associated with renal structural alterations, increased DNA damage, and changes in autophagy-related markers in adult rat offspring.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-026-02504-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T12:10:20Z","timestamp":1783599020000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prenatal 3.5\u00a0GHz radiofrequency exposure induces renal histological changes and DNA damage in 6-month-old rats"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"Elif","family":"Gelenli Dolanbay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fazile","family":"Canturk Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hava","family":"Bektas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumeyye","family":"Koc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salih","family":"Varol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omer","family":"Kilic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Unal","family":"Uslu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suleyman","family":"Dasdag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2504_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1080\/15368378.2018.1463246","volume":"37","author":"M Akdag","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akdag M, Dasdag S, Canturk F, Akdag MZ (2018) Exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields emitted from mobile phones induced DNA damage in human ear canal hair follicle cells. 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