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Our objective was to conduct a comparative study of occupational exposures and health outcomes among police officers across: (a) a 7-year period, from the baseline examination (2004\u20132009) to the 1st follow-up examination (2011\u20132015) and (b) a 12-year period, from baseline to the 2nd follow-up examination (2015\u20132019).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants were from the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress (BCOPS) Study. Variables were assessed through self-report, standardized validated questionnaires, or standardized medical procedures. We computed the 7- and 12-year changes in mean values (for continuous\/numeric variables) or prevalence (for categorical variables) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using MIXED and GENMOD procedures in SAS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Occupational stress significantly increased over 12 years [3.4; (95% CI 1.2, 5.6)]. The percentage of officers who reported excellent\/very good health significantly decreased across both time periods: [\u2212\u00a011.8%; (\u2212\u00a017.8, \u2212\u00a05.9)] across seven years and [\u2212\u00a017.3%; (\u2212\u00a024.2, \u2212\u00a010.4)] across 12 years. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased over seven years [10.7%; (5.3\u201316.0)] and over 12 years [7.4%; (0.1\u201314.0)]. Abdominal obesity and glucose intolerance significantly increased over both time periods while hypertension and elevated triglyceride levels increased slightly but not significantly over both time periods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Occupational stressors and some health outcomes of officers worsened over time indicating the need for self-health monitoring and wellness programs for police.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-025-02142-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T07:42:43Z","timestamp":1747986163000},"page":"451-465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress (BCOPS) study: a seven- and twelve-year prospective analysis of occupational exposures and health outcomes among police officers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8225-3495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John M.","family":"Violanti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1820-4373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Desta","family":"Fekedulegn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecil M.","family":"Burchfiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8694-9035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin","family":"McCanlies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4887-6629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha K.","family":"Service","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2702-6158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Mnatsakanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0245-5899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ja K.","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5384-3621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Penelope","family":"Allison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8191-3642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micheal E.","family":"Andrew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8683-1539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luenda E.","family":"Charles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2142_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqv060","volume":"65","author":"D Acquadro Maran","year":"2015","unstructured":"Acquadro Maran D, Varetto A, Zedda M, Ieraci V (2015) Occupational stress, anxiety and coping strategies in police officers. 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